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In the past two decades much has been published on whiplash injury, yet both the confusion regarding the condition and the medicolegal discussion surrounding it have increased. In this scenario, a guide to recent and current international research in the field is more necessary than ever. Especially functional imaging methods – such as single-photon emission tomography, positron emission tomography, functional MRI, and hybrid techniques – have demonstrated a variety of significant brain alterations. This book accordingly offers a critical approach to the challenging interpretation of the new research data obtained using functional neuroimaging in whiplash injury. It covers all aspects, including the imaging tools themselves and the different methods of image analysis. Whiplash Injury: New Methods of Functional Neuroimaging will hopefully help patients, their relatives and friends, physicians, and others to understand this condition as a disease.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 General Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 The Term “Whiplash Injury” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Historical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.1 Barré’s “Syndrome Sympathique
Cervical Postérieur” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.2 The Term “Railway Spine” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.3 Maurice Ravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Biomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.1 General Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.2 Protection Systems to Avoid Whiplash Injury . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.3 Sequence of Phases During a Typical
Whiplash Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Diagnostic Procedure After Whiplash Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 New Iteration Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Stereotaxic Atlas of Talairach and Tournoux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4 Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 Control Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3 Current Research Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1.1 General Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1.2 Special Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2 Whiplash Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 Differential Diagnostic List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4 Whiplash Trauma and the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . 34
4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5 Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
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