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Punto di Riferimento
per Medici e Operatori Sanitari
per Medici e Operatori Sanitari
LIBRERIA STUDIUM
Vertigo and Balance Disorders in Children
Kaga
Editore
Springer
Anno
2014
Pagine
86
ISBN
9784431547600
103,00 €
- Covers key topics in pediatric vestibular failures from the mechanism to clinical treatments
- Describes in detail the clinical applications of the VEMP (vestibular evoked myogenic potential), Caloric Test and Rotation Chair method for an in-depth understanding of the evaluation of vestibular disorders
- Addresses the needs of those working in various fields of such as pediatric otolaryngology, audiology, neurology, neonatology and rehabilitation
Many congenitally deaf infants and children suffer vestibular failure, which produces problems with their postural control, locomotion, and gait. However it is known that these children can eventually catch up with their normal balance control status in terms of development and growth as a result of central vestibular compensation. In Vertigo and Balance Disorders in Children the author provides comprehensive and integrative information on the vestibular system. The materials presented range from the history of its study, basic anatomy and physiology of vestibular organs, and the mechanism of balance and motor function development, to clinical aspects of vestibular disorders including their evaluation and pediatric neurology. Although there have been books discussing postural responses of infants and children with vestibular disorders, this is the first to present the influence of peripheral vestibular disorders and central vestibular compensation comprehensively. This book will benefit not only practitioners in this field such as pediatric otolaryngologists, pediatricians, and neurologists treating both children and adults, but also clinical specialists such as neonatologists, physical therapists, and speech therapists, helping them to better care for patients with vestibular failure.
Contents
1 Introduction: History ................................................................................ 1
1.1 Pioneers of Postural Refl ex Studies ................................................... 1
1.2 History of Vestibular Function and Postural Refl ex Research ........... 2
References ................................................................................................... 8
2 The Basis of Vertigo and Balance Disorders in Children ...................... 9
2.1 Anatomical Development of the Vestibular Organ
and Vestibular Nervous System ......................................................... 9
2.1.1 Development of Vestibular Semicircular Canals
and Myelination of the Vestibular Nervous System ............... 9
2.1.2 Development of the Vestibular/Motor Nervous System ........ 10
2.2 Motor Development of Healthy Infants and Children ....................... 12
2.2.1 Newborns and Infants ............................................................ 12
2.2.2 Childhood ............................................................................... 12
2.3 Development of the Righting Refl ex and Examination Methods ...... 13
2.3.1 Group I: 0–4 Months .............................................................. 14
2.3.2 Group II: 4–6 Months ............................................................ 14
2.3.3 Group III: 6–48 Months ......................................................... 14
2.3.4 Group IV: 4 Years of Age to Adults ....................................... 16
2.4 Role of Labyrinthine Muscle Tone .................................................... 16
2.4.1 Unilateral Labyrinth Destruction of Pigeons, Frogs,
and Cats and Changes in Muscle Tone .................................. 18
2.4.2 Bilateral Labyrinth Destruction and Changes
in Muscle Tone ....................................................................... 19
2.5 Labyrinthine Sense Disorder and Neurological Signs ....................... 19
2.6 Development of the Vestibulo-Ocular Refl ex
and Examination Methods ................................................................. 20
2.6.1 Damped Rotational Chair Tests ............................................. 20
2.6.2 Caloric Nystagmus Test ......................................................... 22
2.7 Examination of Total Locus Length by Stabilograph ........................ 22
References ................................................................................................... 25
3 Disequilibrium: Abnormal Posture Control ........................................... 27
3.1 Pathophysiology of Postural Control ............................................... 27
3.2 Congenital Disequilibrium ............................................................... 28
3.2.1 Balance Disorder due to Congenital Bilateral Loss
of Labyrinthine Function ..................................................... 28
3.3 Acquired Abnormality of Balance Function
and Motor Development .................................................................. 35
3.3.1 Effect of Bilateral Loss of Labyrinthine Function
in Newborns and Infants ...................................................... 37
3.3.2 Effect of Bilateral Loss of Labyrinthine
Function in Childhood ......................................................... 37
3.4 Bilateral Loss of Labyrinthine Function
After School Age ............................................................................. 38
3.5 Unilateral Labyrinthine Disorder ..................................................... 38
3.6 Complications of Visual and Labyrinthine Disorders
and Development of Balance ........................................................... 39
3.6.1 Delay in Motor Function due to Visual
Disturbance Alone ............................................................... 39
3.6.2 Vision and the Cerebellum ................................................... 39
3.6.3 Visual Space Perception and Behavior of Children
with Severe Amblyopia ........................................................ 40
3.6.4 Infl uence of Blindness on Congenital
Vestibular Failure ................................................................. 40
3.7 Brain Tumor of the Posterior Cranial Fossa .................................... 42
3.8 Cerebellar Disorders ........................................................................ 44
3.9 Brain Anomaly: Cerebellar Hypoplasia ........................................... 44
3.9.1 Hypoplasia or Defect of the Cerebellar
Vermis/Hemispheres ............................................................ 45
3.9.2 Arnold-Chiari Malformation ................................................ 46
3.9.3 Dandy-Walker Syndrome ..................................................... 48
3.10 Congenital Oculomotor Apraxia [20] .............................................. 48
3.11 Benign Paroxysmal Torticollis ......................................................... 50
3.11.1 Defi nition of Benign Paroxysmal Torticollis ..................... 50
References ................................................................................................... 53
4 Vertigo in Children ................................................................................... 55
4.1 Perception of Vertigo ......................................................................... 55
4.2 “Vertigo” as Abnormal Perception ..................................................... 56
4.2.1 Vertigo Due To Inner Ear Disorders ...................................... 56
4.2.2 Central Vertigo ....................................................................... 56
4.2.3 Orthostatic Dysregulation ...................................................... 57
4.2.4 Jaw Arthrosis ......................................................................... 57
4.2.5 Psychogenic: School Refusal ................................................. 57
4.3 Cochlear Implantation and Vestibular Problems ................................ 58
4.3.1 Vestibular Nystagmus After Cochlear
Implantation in Adults ........................................................... 58
4.3.2 Head Tilt to the Side of Cochlear Implantation ..................... 58
4.3.3 Cochlear Implants and VEMP ............................................... 60
4.3.4 VEMP Evoked by Multichannel Cochlear Implant:
Infl uence of C Levels ............................................................. 61
References ................................................................................................... 62
5 Rehabilitation of Children with Disequilibrium .................................... 63
5.1 Mechanism of Compensation and Adaptation
in Disequilibrium ............................................................................... 63
5.2 Labyrinthine Disorder and Actual Rehabilitation .............................. 65
5.2.1 Training of Equilibrium Function in Healthy Children ......... 66
5.2.2 Training of Equilibrium Function in Children
with a Labyrinthine Disorder ................................................. 66
5.2.3 Sensory Integration Training by Vestibular Stimulation
in Children with a Learning Disability .................................. 67
References ................................................................................................... 68
6 Inner Ear Anomalies and Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic
Potentials (VEMP) .................................................................................... 69
6.1 VEMP in Patients with Inner Ear Anomalies .................................... 69
6.2 VEMP of Children with Inner Ear Malformation Before
and After Cochlear Implantation ....................................................... 73
References ................................................................................................... 77
7 Gene Mutation in Congenital Deafness and Vestibular Failure ........... 79
7.1 Gene Mutation of Vestibular Failure .................................................. 79
7.2 GJB2 Gene Mutation ......................................................................... 79
7.3 SLC26A4/PDS Gene Mutation ........................................................... 80
7.4 Mitochondria Gene Mutation ............................................................ 81
7.5 OTOF Gene Mutation in Auditory Neuropathy ................................. 81
7.6 Gene Mutation in Vestibular Labyrinth ............................................. 82
References ................................................................................................... 83
Index ................................................................................................................. 85
