Central Nervous System

Pathology

Imaging

Treatment of Central Nervous System Tumours

Individual Tumours

References

Ocular and Adnexal Tumours

Paediatric Tumours

Other Paediatric Tumours

Adult Tumours

References

Head and Neck Cancer

Introduction

Organization of Services for Patients

Incidence

Head and Neck Cancer Is a Global Problem

Outcome

Aetiology

Problem of Second Primary Tumours

Strategies for Prevention

General Principles of Surgery

General Principles of Radiotherapy

General Principles of Combined Treatment in Head and Neck Carcinoma

Palliative Care

Staging and Prognosis

Assessment of Patients

Role of Prophylactic Treatment to the Neck In Patients with Clinical

Negative Neck and Primary Tumours of the Head and Neck

Management of Potentially Operable Cervical Lymphadenopathy

Treatment of Inoperable Nodal Disease After Previous Radiotherapy

Carcinoma of the Lip

Tumours of the Oral Cavity

Carcinoma of the Oropharynx

Hypopharynx

Posterior Pharyngeal Wall

Larynx

Nasopharynx

Tumours of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses

Tumours of the Ear

Rare and Unusual Tumours of the Head and Neck

References

Thyroid

Introduction

Epidemiology

Aetiology

Pathogenesis

Pathology and Natural History

Diagnostic Evaluation

Tumour, Nodes, Metastases

Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

Radioactive Iodine Ablation of Residual Thyroid Tissue

Follow-Up

Treatment of Metastatic Disease

Dosimetry of ¹³¹I Therapy

Complications of Radioiodine Treatment

External-Beam Radiotherapy and Systemic Therapies

Management of Anaplastic Carcinoma

Management of Medullary Thyroid Cancer

Management of Thyroid Lymphoma

Future Prospects

References

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumours

Apud Concept and Apudomas

Pituitary Tumours

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Endocrine Tumours

Carcinoid Tumours

General Oncology Principles for Systemic Management of Net

Phaeochromocytoma

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

Parathyroid Adenoma and Carcinoma

Adrenocortical Tumours

References

Bibliography

Breast Cancer

Epidemiology

Identification of High-Risk Groups

Breast Cancer Chemoprevention

Presentation and Investigation

Staging

Screening

Molecular Genetics

Pathology

Surgery for Early Breast Cancer

Adjuvant Treatment

Locally Advanced Disease

Loco-Regional Recurrence

Secondary Breast Cancer

Complications of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Acknowledgements

References

Lung Cancer

Epidemiology and Aetiology

Classification

Prevention and Screening

Diagnosis and Staging

Management of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Management of Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Palliative Care

References

Oesophageal Cancer

Introduction

Epidemiology and Aetiological Factors

Clinical Manifestations

Management of Localized (Operable) Oesophageal Cancer

Management of Locally Advanced Oesophageal Cancer

Management of Advanced Oesophageal Cancer

References

Bibliography

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Introduction

Incidence

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

References

Pancreas

Incidence and Mortality

Aetiology

Genetics

Anatomy

Pathology and Staging

Symptoms and Signs

Natural History

Investigation

Treatment

Special Considerations in the Management of Pancreatic Cancer

References

Biliary Tract

Tumours of the Bile Duct (Cholangiocarcinoma)

Gall Bladder Cancer

Future Trends

References

Gastric Cancer

Incidence

Aetiology

Diagnosis

Pathology

Molecular Pathogenesis

Staging

Treatment

Future Directions

References

Bladder Cancer

Introduction

Epidemiology

Aetiology

Genetics of Bladder Cancer

Pathology

Clinical Presentation and Investigation

Management

Management of Low-Grade Superficial Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

High-Grade Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

Radiotherapy and Systemic Treatments for Superficial Disease

Management of Invasive Bladder Cancer

Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Surgical Treatment

Radiotherapy in the Management of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

Management of Advanced Disease

Bibliography

References

Prostate Cancer

Introduction

Epidemiology and Aetiology

Prevention and Screening

Pathogenesis

Pathology and Staging

Clinical Features

Diagnosis and Staging

Principles of Management

Management of Organ-Confined Disease

Management of Locally Advanced Disease

Management of Recurrent Disease After Radical Local Therapy

Management of Metastatic Disease

Concluding Remarks

References

Colorectal Cancer

Introduction

Incidence and Cause

Diagnosis and the Multidisciplinary Team

Pathology of Colorectal Tumours

Molecular Pathogenesis of Colorectal Carcinoma

Pathology of Invasive Colorectal Cancers

Treatment

Follow-Up After Initial Treatment

Summary and Future Developments

National Health Service Guidelines

Conclusions

References

Bibliography

Anus

Anatomy

Pathology

Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Presentation

Diagnostic Work-Up and Staging

Management

Lymph-Node Metastases

Prognostic Factors and Outcome

Extra-Pelvic Metastases

Radiation Therapy Alone

Surgery

Non–Squamous Cell Cancers

Peri-Anal Cancer

Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

References

Germ-Cell Cancer of the Testis and Related Neoplasms

Introduction

Background

Diagnosis and Staging

Assessment and Staging of Disease

Serum Markers

Stage 1 Disease and Risk of Relapse

Treatment

Metastatic Disease

Complications of Treatment

References

Renal Cell Cancer

Introduction and Epidemiology

Classification of Renal Tumours

Inherited Syndromes and the Molecular Biology of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Risk Factors

Clinical Features

Clinical Evaluation and Staging

Localized Disease

Disease Relapse

Metastatic Disease – Surgical Management

Metastatic Disease – Prognostic Factors

Metastatic Disease – Non Surgical Management

Treatment Options in Non-Clear Cell Histology

Sequencing of Treatments: First-Line, Second-Line and Beyond

Conclusion

References

Ovary and Fallopian Tubes

Epithelial Tumours of the Ovary

Low Malignant Potential Tumours of the Ovary

Non-Epithelial Tumours of the Ovary

References

Endometrial Cancer

Pathogenesis

Histopathology

Pathologic Features Affecting Prognosis

Investigation

Staging and Tumour Classification

Treatment

Follow-Up

References

Bibliography

Cervix

Incidence and Causes

Pathology

Prevention and Treatment of Pre-Invasive Disease

Cervical Screening

Clinical Features of Invasive Carcinoma of the Cervix

Investigations for Invasive Disease

Staging and Prognostic Factors

Treatment

Complications of Treatment

New Developments

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Carcinoma of the Vagina and Vulva

Carcinoma of Vagina

Carcinoma of the Vulva

References

Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia

Introduction

Genetics and Pathology

Epidemiology and Aetiological Factors

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin

Clinical Features

Management and Investigations

Summary

References

Bibliography

Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer

Introduction

Aetiology

Familial Skin Cancer Syndromes

Xeroderma Pigmentosum

Pre-Malignant Conditions

Actinic Keratosis and Bowen’s Disease

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Primary Cutaneous Lymphoma

Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma

Other Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers

Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

References

Malignant Melanoma

Introduction

Epidemiology

Aetiology

Prevention

Tumour Biology

Diagnosis

Pathology

Staging and Prognosis

Treatment of Primary Melanoma

Loco-Regional Recurrent Disease

Distant Metastatic Disease

Targeted Therapies

NRAS Mutated Melanoma

Kit Mutated Melanoma

Targeted Agents in Uveal Melanoma

Systemic Therapies

Conclusions

References

Primary Bone Tumours

Introduction

Incidence and Aetiology

General Principles of Management

Osteosarcoma

Ewing Sarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Other Primary Bone Tumours

Key References

References

Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Introduction

Aetiology

Clinical Evaluation

Pathology

Staging

Management of the Extremity, Trunk, or Head and Neck Primary Tumour

Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Functional Outcome

Treatment of Local Recurrence

Radiotherapy Alone

Treatment of Unresectable or Locally Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Management of the Retroperitoneal Primary Lesion

Treatment of Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours

Desmoid Tumours

References

Leukaemias

Introduction

Acute Leukaemias

Chronic Leukaemias

Acknowledgements

References

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Introduction

Diagnosis, Staging and Choice of Treatment

First-Line Treatment

Treatment of Relapsed Hodgkin Lymphoma

Special Considerations

New Drugs

Acknowledgements

Key References

References

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Classification, Staging and Molecular Pathogenesis of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Primary Mediastinal (Thymic) Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Central Nervous System Lymphoma and Prophylactic Central Nervous System Chemotherapy

Burkitt Lymphoma

Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Associated Lymphoma

Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma

Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Marginal Zone Lymphoma

Future Developments

Key Reference

References

Multiple Myeloma

Introduction

Incidence and Aetiology

Pathogenesis and Biology

Clinical Features and Complications

Investigation, Diagnosis and Staging

Prognostic Factors and Staging

Course of the Disease

When to Start Treatment and Criteria For Response

General Aspects of Care

Myeloma Therapy

Radiotherapy

High-Dose Therapy and Stem-Cell Transplantation

Maintenance and Consolidation Therapy

Bisphosphonates

Refractory and Relapsed Disease

New Approaches to Treatment

Other Related Conditions

References

Paediatric Oncology

General Introduction

Epidemiology of Childhood Cancer

Childhood Leukaemia

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Burkitt’s Lymphoma and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Precursor T- and B-Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma

Liver Cancers

Neuroblastoma

Ewing’s Family Tumours

Treatment

Osteosarcoma

Renal Tumours

Staging Investigations

Malignant Germ Cell Tumours

Non–Central Nervous System Tumours

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Central Nervous System Tumours

Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumours

Astrocytic Tumours

Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumours

Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumours

Astrocytic Tumours

Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumours

Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumours

Central Nervous System Tumours In Infants and Very Young Children

Organ Toxicity

Psychological Aspects of Childhood Cancer

Management of Acute Neurological Complications

References

AIDS–Related Malignancy

Introduction

Aids-Defining Malignancies

Non-Aids – Defining Malignancies

Other Non-Aids – Defining Malignancies

Castleman’s Disease

References

Clinical Cancer Genetics

Introduction

Cancer Pre-Disposition Genes

Research Approaches For the Identification of Cancer Pre-Disposition Genes

Cancer Risks Associated With Cancer Pre-Disposition Genes

Management of A Known Or Suspected Cancer Pre-Disposition Gene Mutation Carrier

Summary

Key References

References

Lifestyle Factors in Cancer Survivorship

Adiposity and Weight Gain

Diet and Dietary Supplements

Foods Supplements

Carcinogen Avoidance

Smoking

Alcohol

Physical Activity After Cancer

Evidence that Physical Activity Improves Survival and Reduces Relapse Rates

Summary

References

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