PART 1. Introduction to the cardiovascular system
Section 1. Cardiovascular history and physical examination
Section editor: Nicholas Boon
1.1: Approach to cardiovascular assessment, Andrew Elder, Nicholas A. Boon, and Alan G. Japp
1.2: Cardiovascular symptoms, Alan G. Japp, Iain Simpson, Stephen Pettit, Arthur Yue, and Junaid Zaman
1.3: Cardiovascular signs, Stuart Pringle, Samantha Fitzsimmons, Ingibjorg Gudmundsdottir, and Joseph B. Esterson
Section 2. Developmental biology of the heart
Section editor: Miguel Torres
2.1: Cardiac embryogenesis, Robert G. Kelly
2.2: The molecular basis of cardiac embryogenesis, Miguel Torres
2.3: From heart-forming region to ballooning chambers, Maurice J. B. van den Hoff and Antoon F. M. Moorman
2.4: Development of the ventricles and valves, José M. Pérez-Pomares and José L. de la Pompa
2.5: Development of the cardiac conduction system, Jan Hendrik van Weerd and Vincent M. Christoffels
2.6: Epicardial and coronary vascular development, Thomas J. Cahill and Paul R. Riley
2.7: Cardiomyocyte development from mid-gestation through preadolescence, Mark H. Soonpaa and Loren J. Field
Section 3. Functional anatomy of the heart
Section editor: Siew Yen Ho
3.1: Introduction, Sabine Ernst and Siew Yen Ho
3.2: Cardiac anatomy in the interventional era: an overview, Ammar M. Killu and Samuel J. Asirvatham
3.3: Normal conduction system, coronary arteries, and coronary veins, Taka-aki Matsuyama and Hatsue Ishibashi-Ueda
3.4: Normal atrial and ventricular myocardial structures, Damian Sanchez-Quintana and José Angel Cabrera
3.5: The heart as a functional unit, Philip J. Kilner and Sonya V. Babu-Narayan
3.6: Ventricular structure and function, Philip J. Kilner and Sonya V. Babu-Narayan
3.7: Functional anatomy of atria, Luigi Badano and Denisa Muraru
3.8: Functional anatomy of left heart valves, Fahd Makhdom, Pascal Thériault-Lauzier, Siew Yen Ho, and Nicolo Piazza
3.9: Functional anatomy of right heart valves, Christine Selton-Suty, Olivier Huttin, Clément Venner, and Yves Juillière
3.10: Functional anatomy of myocardial perfusion, Robert Manka and Sabrina Oebel
Section 4. Cardiovascular physiology
Section editor: Guido Grassi
4.1: The heart as a pump: governing principles, Sándor J. Kovács
4.2: Cardiac electrophysiology, Marek Malik
4.3: Cardiovascular physiology: regulation of coronary circulation, Christian Seiler
4.4: Regulation of blood pressure, Gino Seravalle and Guido Grassi
4.5: Heart/kidney interactions, Markus P. Schlaich
4.6: Cardiovascular response to exercise, Ross Arena, Dejana Popovic, Marco Guazzi, Amy McNeil, and Michael Sagner
4.7: Cardiovascular response to mental stress, Jens Barthelmes and Isabella Sudano
4.8: The cardiovascular system during sleep, Naima Covassin and Virend K. Somers
4.9: The ageing heart, Magnus Bäck, Laure Joly, Nicolas Sadoul, and Athanase Benetos
4.10: Alterations in cardiovascular physiology in pathological states, Sebastian Ewen, Saarraaken Kulenthiran, and Felix Mahfoud
Section 5. Cardiovascular pharmacology
Section editor: Faiez Zannad
5.1: Renin-angiotensin system and neprilysin, João Pedro Ferreira and Patrick Rossignol
5.2: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, Faiez Zannad and João Pedro Ferreira
5.3: Autonomic nervous system drugs, Atul Pathak
5.4: Pharmacology of vasodilators, Stéphane Laurent
5.5: Positive inotropes, Mattia Arrigo and Alexandre Mebazaa
5.6: Antiarrhythmics, Federico Guerra and Alessandro Capucci
5.7: Pharmacology of oral antiplatelet drugs, Tabassome Simon
5.8: Fibrinolytic therapy, Freek W. A. Verheugt
5.9: Lipid-lowering drugs, Cesare R. Sirtori and Massimiliano Ruscica
5.10: Oral diabetes treatments and cardiovascular disease, Pierre-Jean Saulnier and Samy Hadjadj
5.11: Renal pharmacology for the cardiologist, Kevin Damman
5.12: Potassium binders, Keld P. Kjeldsen, Juan Tamargo, and Thomas Andersen Schmidt
5.13: Cardiovascular effects of non-cardiovascular drugs, Pauline Bosco-Levy, Julien Bezin, Francesco Salvo, and Nicholas Moore
5.14: Drug-drug interactions, Jeffrey K. Aronson
5.15: Local drugs in interventional cardiology pharmacology, Jonathan Michel and Robert A. Byrne
Section 6. Anticoagulation
Section editor: Raffaele DeCaterina
6.1: An overview of haemostasis, in relation to atherothrombotic, thromboembolic, and venous cardiovascular disease, Pier Mannuccio Mannucci
6.2: Current targets of anticoagulants, Fedor Bachmann
6.3: Epidemiology of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in heart disease, Renate Schnabel, Dipak Kotecha, and Paulus Kirchhof
6.4: Unfractionated heparin, Freek W. A. Verheugt
6.5: Low-molecular-weight heparin, Paul Guedeney, Mathieu Kerneis, Johanne Silvain, Gilles Montalescot, and Jean-Philippe Collet
6.6: Fondaparinux and its derivatives, Michiel Coppens
6.7: Bivalirudin and argatroban, Davide Capodanno
6.8: Reversal of parenteral anticoagulants, Marcel Levi
6.9: Vitamin K antagonists, Jørgen Jespersen and Jane Skov
6.10: The NOACs: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, Thomas Vanassche and Peter Verhamme
6.11: The NOACs: clinical pharmacology, Jeffrey Weitz
6.12: The NOACs in special situations: the elderly, renal impairment, and combination with antiplatelet agents or thrombolysis, Felicita Andreotti, Eliano Pio Navarese, and Filippo Crea
6.13: Reversal of oral anticoagulants, Joanne van Ryn
6.14: Epidemiological data on the use of traditional anticoagulants in cardiovascular disease, Christina Reith and Colin Baigent
Section 7. Epidemiology and global burden
Section editor: Sumeet Chugh
7.1: Strategies for assessment of global disease burden, Sumeet S. Chugh
7.2: Epidemiology and global burden of hypertension, George A. Mensah
7.3: Epidemiology and global burden of ischaemic heart disease, Andrew E. Moran
7.4: Epidemiology and global burden of cardiomyopathy, James D. Wilkinson, Ashwin Kumar, Joslyn A. Westphal, Jason D. Czachor, Hiedy Razoky, and Steven E. Lipshultz
7.5: Epidemiology and global burden of arrhythmias, Aapo L. Aro and Sumeet S. Chugh
7.6: Epidemiology and global burden of rheumatic heart disease, Dianne Sika-Paotonu, Andrea Beaton , and Jonathan Carapetis
7.7: Epidemiology and global burden of myocarditis and pericarditis, Siva Ketha and Leslie T. Cooper
7.8: Epidemiology and global burden of infective endocarditis, Imad M. Tleyjeh and Aref A. Bin Abdulhak
7.9: Epidemiology and global burden of peripheral arterial disease and aortic aneurysms, Holger Reinecke
PART 2. Investigations
Section 8. Electrocardiogram
Section editor: Antonio Bayes de Luna
8.1: Introduction, Antonio Bayes de Luna
8.2: Atrial abnormalities, Adrian Baranchuk and Bryce Alexander
8.3: Ventricular hypertrophy, Ljuba Bacharova and Harvey Estes
8.4: Intraventricular conduction disturbances, Antonio Bayes de Luna and Marcelo Elizari
8.5: ECG patterns of ischemia and necrosis, Miguel Fiol and Antonio Bayes de Luna
8.6: ECG patterns related to arrhythmias and sudden death: channelopathies, early repolarization, and preexcitiation, Wojciech Zareba and Pyotr Platonov
8.7: ECG in syncope, palpitations, dyspnea and chest pain, Angel Moya
8.8: The ECG abnormal in patients without heart disease and the ECG normal in presence of evident structural heart disease, Antonio Bayes de Luna and Günter Breithardt
Section 9. Chest radiography
Section editor: Christian Herold
9.1: Normal anatomy with a focus on the cardiac silhouette and the great vessels, Christian Loewe and Dietrich Beitzke
9.2: Pulmonary venous hypertension, Massimo Pistolesi and Mariaelena Occhipinti
9.3: Pulmonary arterial hypertension and acute and chronic thromboembolism, Thomas Henzler
9.4: Pulmonary infections, Tomas Franquet
9.5: Focal abnormalities, Nicola Sverzellati, Gianluca Milanese, and Mario Silva
9.6: Lines, tubes, and implantable devices, Nicholas Screaton and Gianluca Milanese, and Mario Silva
Section 10. Cardiac ultrasound
Frank Flachskampf
10.1: Principles of echocardiographic imaging and velocity assessment by Doppler and speckle tracking, Jens-Uwe Voigt
10.2: Technical equipment for echocardiography, Thomas Binder
10.3: Transthoracic echocardiography and the standard examination of specific cardiac structures, Thomas Binder
10.4: Stress echocardiography, Roxy Senior and Nikolaos Karogiannis
10.5: Contrast echocardiography, Anastasia Vamvakidou and Roxy Senior
10.6: Three-dimensional echocardiography, Francesco F. Faletra, Laura A. Leo, Tiziano Moccetti, and Mark J. Monaghan
10.7: Coronary heart disease, Thomas H. Marwick
10.8: Hypertension and diabetes, Laura Ernande
10.9: Transoesophageal echocardiography, Ruxandra Beyer and Frank A. Flachskampf
10.10: Left ventricular function, heart failure, and resynchronization therapy, Jens-Uwe Voigt
10.11: Assist devices, Satoshi Nakatani
10.12: Cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and the transplanted heart, Thor Edvardsen
10.13: Cardiac valves, Damien Voilliot and Patrizio Lancellotti
10.14: Echocardiography in transcatheter aortic valve implantation, Mehdi Eskandari and Mark J. Monaghan
10.15: Transcatheter mitral valve repair: from edge-to-edge to annuloplasty, Mehdi Eskandari and Mark J. Monaghan
10.16: Prosthetic valve evaluation, Felix C. Tanner and Rolf Jenni
10.17: Pulmonary hypertension and the right ventricle, Petros Nihoyannopoulos and Julia Grapsa
10.18: Echocardiographic assessment: diseases of the aorta, Arturo Evangelista and José Rodríguez-Palomares
10.19: Atrial fibrillation, Bogdan Popescu, Maria-Magdalena Gurzun, and Carmen Ginghina
10.20: Emergency echocardiography, Aleksandar N. Neskovic, Ivan Stankovic and Predrag Milicevic
Section 11. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance
Section editor: Dudley Pennell
11.1: Normal anatomy and function, Alicia Maceira
11.2: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance physics, techniques, and contrast agents, Sonia Nielles-Vallespin
11.3: Coronary artery disease, Jurg Schwitter
11.4: Cardiomyopathies, Matthias Friedrich and Fabian Siepen
11.5: Congenital heart disease, Sonya Babu-Narayan
11.6: Valvular heart disease, Saul Myerson
11.7: Atherosclerosis imaging, Chun Yuan, Zach Miller, and Jianming Cai
11.8: Angiography, Jan Bogaert
11.9: Less common pathologies, Massimo Lombardi and Antonia Camporeale
Section 12. Cardiovascular computed tomography
Section editor: Stephan Achenbach
12.1: Technology of cardiac computed tomography, Stephan Achenbach
12.2: Coronary calcium, Todd C. Villines, Joshua Mitchell, and Michael K. Cheezum
12.3: Coronary computed tomography angiography: detection of coronary artery stenosis, Koen Nieman
12.4: Coronary computed tomography angiography: imaging of coronary atherosclerotic plaque, Pál Maurovich-Horvat
12.5: Computed tomography myocardial perfusion, Amita Singh, Noreen Nazir, Victor Mor-Avi, and Amit R. Patel
12.6: Computed tomography for cardiac morphology, function, and valve disease, Victoria Delgado
12.7: Computed tomography for cardiac interventions, Mohamed Marwan and Stephan Achenbach
Section 13. Nuclear cardiology and positron emission tomography
Section editor: Philipp Kaufmann
13.1: Basic principles and technological state of the art: SPECT, Alessia Gimelli and Riccardo Liga
13.2: Basic principles and technological state of the art: PET, Frank Bengel
13.3: Basic principles and technological state of the art: hybrid imaging, Ronny R. Buechel and Aju P. Pazhenkottil
13.4: Assessment of coronary artery disease: chronic stable angina, Juhani Knuuti, S. Richard Underwood, and Antti Saraste
13.5: Assessment of coronary artery disease: imaging-guided management and therapy, Juhani Knuuti, S. Richard Underwood, and Antti Saraste
13.6: Integration of stress nuclear imaging in the diagnostic and management algorithms of stable coronary artery disease, Danilo Neglia and Juhani Knuuti
13.7: Assessment of coronary artery disease: nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging in specific patient populations, Danilo Neglia and Juhani Knuuti
13.8: Heart failure, Danilo Neglia and Oliver Gaemperli
13.9: Endocarditis and device infection, Fabien Hyafil, Dominique Le Guludec, and Oliver Gaemperli
13.10: Infiltrative disease (amyloidosis/sarcoidosis), Tobias A. Fuchs and Oliver Gaemperli
13.11: Future potential, Philipp A. Kaufmann, Oliver Gaemperli, and Juhani Knuuti
Section 14. Invasive imaging haemodynamics
Section editor: Carlo Di Mario
14.1: Invasive Imaging and Haemodynamics, Guy Heyndrickx and Carlo Di Mario
14.2: Coronary Angiography and Ventriculography, Carlo Di Mario, Serafina Valente, and Carlotta Sorini Dini
14.3: Intravascular ultrasound imaging, Philip Dingli, Nicola Ryan, Nieves Gonzalo, and Javier Escaned
14.4: Optical coherence tomography, Francesco Prati, Laura Gatto, Enrico Romagnoli, and Luca Di Vito
14.5: Near InfraRed Spectroscopy, Carlo Di Mario, Carlotta Sorini Dini, and Serafina Valente
14.6: Functional coronary assessment: FFR, Emanuele Barbato and Fabio Mangiacapra
14.7: Functional coronary assessment: iFRand other indices, Justin Davies and Christopher Cook
Section 15. Selection of imaging techniques
Section editor: Jeroen Bax
15.1: Choice of imaging techniques, Jeroen J. Bax, Alexander R. van Rosendael, Laurens F. Tops, Nina Ajmone Marsan, and Victoria Delgado
PART 3. Heart Diseases
Section 16. Genetics of CV diseases
Section editor: Heribert Schunkert
16.1: Introduction, Heribert Schunkert
16.2: Genetic counselling, Jodie Ingles, Charlotte Burns, and Laura Yeates
16.3: Principles of cascade screening, Eric Sijbrands
16.4: Principles of molecular testing, Eric Schulze-Bahr
16.5: Basic principles of genetic disease, Eric Schulze-Bahr
16.6: The Genetics of Long QT Syndrome, Andrea Mazzanti, Riccardo Maragna, and Sylvia Priori
16.7: Monogenic and oligogenic CV diseases - Genetics of arrhythmias - short QT Syndrome, Erol Tülümen and Martin Borggrefe
16.8: Monogenic and oligogenic CV diseases - Genetics of arrhythmias - Brugada Syndrome, Sonia Van Dooren, Dorien Daneels, Gudrun Pappaert, Maryse Bonduelle, and Pedro Brugada Terradellas
16.9: Monogenic and oligogenic CV diseases - Genetics of arrhythmias - catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Peter Schwartz and Lia Crotti
16.10: Post-mortem genetic testing in sudden death cases, Najim Lahrouchi, Elijah Behr, and Connie Bezzina
16.11: Genetics of cardiomyopathies - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Philippe Charron and Carole Maupain
16.12: Genetics of cardiomyopathies - Dilated cardiomyopathy, Daniel Oehler, Benjamin Meder, and Hugo Katus
16.13: Left Ventricular Noncompaction, Eloisa Arbustini, Alessandro Di Toro, Lorenzo Giuliani, Nupoor Narula, Valentina Favalli
16.14: Genetics of cardiomyopathies - Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy, Kalliopi Pilichou, Cristina Basso, Rudy Celeghin, and Gaetano Thiene
16.15: Genetics of cardiomyopathies -Cardiac manifestations of mitochondrial diseases, Abdallah Fayssoil
16.16: Genetics of cardiomyopathies - Myocardial infiltration, Frank Weidemann
16.17: Genetics of vascular diseases - Marfan syndrome and aortic diseases, Dorien Schepers and Bart Loeys
16.18: Structural diseases of the heart - Genetics of congenital heart diseases, Daniela Barge-Schaapveld, Marco DeRuiter, Conny van Munsteren, and Monique Jongbloed
16.19: Structural diseases of the heart- Syndromes affecting the CV System, Sabine Klaassen
16.20: Complex Cardiovascular Diseases - Atherosclerosis - genetic factors, Heribert Schunkert
16.21: Complex Cardiovascular Diseases - Dyslipidaemias - genetic factors, Daniel Swerdlow, Steve Humphries, and Michael Holmes
16.22: Genetic Determinants of Atrial Fibrillation, Patrick Ellinor and Steven Lubitz
16.23: The genetics of arterial hypertension, Georg Ehert
Section 17. Congenital heart disease (GUCH)
Section editor: John Deanfield
17.1: Introduction, John Deanfield
17.2: Nomenclature, John Deanfield and Robert Andersen
17.3: Epidemiology and incidence, John Deanfield and Bernard Keavney
17.4: Genetics, Bernard Keavney and Elisavet Fotiou
17.5: Fetal circulation & perinatal programming, Marietta Charakida
17.6: Clinical Presentations & Initial Investigations, John Deanfield
17.7: Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease, Jan Marek, Folkert Meijboom, and Luc Mertens
17.8: Cross-Sectional imaging/modelling, Giovanni Biglino, Silvia Schievano, and Andrew Taylor
17.9: Functional Testing, Alessandro Giardini
17.10: Arrhythmias in Childhood and Patients with Congenital Heart Disease, Henry Chubb and Martin Lowe
17.11: Interventional catheterization, Shakeel Qureshi
17.12: Long term Outcomes, Michiel Winter, Berto Bouma, Barbara Mulder
17.13: Arterial Disease in the Young, Marietta Charakida
17.14: Contraception and pregnancy, Jolien Roos-Hesselink and Lucia Baris
17.15: Pulmonary Hypertension, Shahin Moledina
17.16: Heart Failure, Marc Gewillig
17.17: Support/Transplant, Dilveer Panesar and Mike Burch
17.18: Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), Marc Gewillig
17.19: Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD), Michelle Carr
17.20: Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), Orla Franklin
17.21: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), Robert Yates
17.22: Pulmonary Valve (PV) Stenosis, Robert Yates
17.23: Vascular Rings, Robert Yates
17.24: Aortic Stenosis (AS) and Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction (LVOTO), David Anderson
17.25: Coarctation, Marietta Charakida
17.26: Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF), Robert Yates
17.27: Ebstein's Anomaly, Sachin Khambadkone
17.28: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS), Alessandro Giardini
17.29: Single Ventricle/Total Cavopulmonary Connection (TCPC) (Fontan Circulation), Marc Gewillig
17.30: Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC), Marietta Charakida and John Deanfield
17.31: Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA), John Deanfield and Marietta Charakida
17.32: Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, Robert Yates and Marietta Charakida
Section 18. Prevention in cardiovascular disease and rehabilitation
Section editor: Massimo Piepoli
18.1: Introduction, Massimo Piepoli
18.2: Cardiovascular risk estimation at the individual level, Yvo M. Smulders, Marie-Therese Cooney, and Ian Graham
18.3: Risk factor management at the level of the individual using lifestyle changes, Guy De Backer, Johan De Sutter, and Ian M. Graham
18.4: Risk factor intervention at the population level, Eva Prescott, Torben Jørgensen, Maja-Lisa Løchen, Jonathan Pearson-Stuttard, Simon Capewell, and Maja Lisa Løchen
18.5: Cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training, Ugo Corrà
18.6: Prevention in cardiovascular disease and rehabilitation, Ugo Corrà
18.7: Settings and stakeholders, Christi Deaton, Margaret Cupples, and Kornelia Kotseva
Section 19. Diabetes mellitus metabolics syndrome
Section editor: Lars Ryden
19.1: Introduction, Lars Ryden
19.2: Dysglycaemia - Definition, classification and diagnosis, Jaakko Tuomilehto and Lars Ryden
19.3: Vascular complications to dysglycaemia, Francesco Cosentino
19.4: Cardiovascular risk assessment in dysglycaemic patients, Nikolaus Marx
19.5: Preventing cardiovascular complications in patients with dysglycemia, Linda Mellbin and Lars Ryden
19.6: Special conditions - Acute coronary syndromes, Baris Gencer and Marco Roffi
19.7: Special conditions - Revascularisation, Miguel Sousa Uva
19.8: Special conditions - Heart failure, Karl Swedberg
19.9: Diabetes and Arrhythmia, Heikki Huikuri and Lars Ryden
19.10: Diabetes and lower extremity arterial disease, Lucia Mazzolai, Marianne Brodmann, and Victor Aboyans
19.11: Kidney disease, Henrik Per Groop and Drazenka Pongrac Barlovic
19.12: Person centred care, Asa Hornsten
Section 20. Heart and the brain
Section editor: Hans-Christoph Diener
20.1: Acute ischaemic stroke: classification and diagnosis, Hans-Christoph Diener
20.2: Impact of stroke on heart function, Christoph Kleinschnitz
20.3: Causes of cardioembolic stroke, Stefan Hohnloser
20.4: Embolic stroke of undetermined source, Hans-Christoph Diener
20.5: Treatment of acute stroke, Heinrich P. Mattle and Simon Jung
20.6: Closure of a patent foramen ovale for the prevention of stroke, David R. Holmes Jr, Guy S. Reeder, and Heinrich Mattle
20.7: Secondary stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation, Hans-Christoph Diener
20.8: Management of vascular risk factors and co-morbidities in secondary stroke prevention, Martin O'Donnell and Cliona Small
20.9: Intracranial haemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulants, Heinrich Mattle, Marcel Arnold, and Urs Fischer
20.10: Atrial Fibrillation and dementia, Hans-Christoph Diener and John Camm
Section 21. Cardiovascular problems in chronic kidney disease
Section editor: Christoph Wanner
21.1: Epidemiology and chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk factor, Stephan Segerer and Harald Seeger
21.2: Causes of death in renal disease, Thomas F. Mueller and Valerie Luyckx
21.3: Pathophysiology, Christoph Wanner
21.4: Cardiovascular imaging in chronic kidney disease, Victoria Delgado
21.5: Prevention and drug therapy in chronic kidney disease, Stephan Segerer and Harald Seeger
21.6: Device therapy in chronic kidney disease (implantable cardioverter defibrillator, cardiac resynchronization therapy), Petra Nijst and Wilfried Mullens
21.7: Special considerations in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy and kidney transplant patients, Thomas F. Mueller and Valerie Luyckx
Section 22. Erectile dysfunction
Section editor: Charalambos Vlachopoulos
22.1: Sex and the heart, Piero Montorsi
22.2: Erectile dysfunction: definition and size of the problem, Michael Doumas and Chrysoula Boutari
22.3: Asking, Tiny Jaarsma
22.4: Erectile dysfunction as a marker and predictor of cardiovascular disease, Charalambos Vlachopoulos and Nikolaos Ioakeimidis
22.5: Testosterone, erectile dysfunction, and the heart, Geoffrey Hackett
22.6: Sexual function and dysfunction in women (and the effect for the couple), Kevan R. Wylie
22.7: Lifestyle issues, Michael Kirby
22.8: Drugs, Mike Kirby and Jonny Coxon
22.9: Surgery, Odunayo Kalejaiye, Amr Abdel Raheem, and David Ralph
22.10: Management of a patient with erectile dysfunction with or without known cardiovascular disease, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, Nikolaos Ioakeimidis, and Dimitris Tousoulis
Section 23. Lung Disease
Section editor: Martin Cowie
23.1: Epidemiological relationships between respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, Kieran Rothnie and Jennifer Quint
23.2: Long Term Oxygen Therapy/Ventilation and Cardiovascular outcomes in chronic lung and respiratory disease, Antia Simonds
23.3: Effect of COPD treatment on CV outcome, Jennifer Quint
23.4: Muscle Weakness in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (and heart failure), Michael Polkey
23.5: Pulmonary rehabilitation in Chronic Lung Disease and Heart Failure, William Man and Rachael Evans
23.6: Sleep apnoea: definition, prevalence and role in cardiovascular diseases, Olaf Oldenburg
23.7: Sleep Related Breathing Disorders - Classification and diagnosis, Melissa Lipford and Virend Somers
23.8: Diabetes and Arrhythmia, Holger Woehrle and Michael Arzt
23.9: Sleep apnoea - Treatment options and sleep/CV, Bernardo Selim
23.10: Diabetes and lower extremity arterial disease, Mark Miller, Anoop Shah, Nicholas Mills, and Dave Newby
23.11: Kidney disease, Samuel Verges and Patrick Levy
Section 24. Gastrointestinal disease
Section editor: Gerhard Rogler
24.1: Introduction, Gerhard Rogler
24.2: Gut microbiome, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis, Eduard F. Stange
24.3: Gut microbiota and coronary artery disease, Slayman Obeid, Melroy Miranda, and Thomas F. Lüscher
24.4: The gut and cardiovascular diseases, Giuseppe Rosano
24.5: Intestinal absorption and drug levels, Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick and Regina Krattinger
24.6: Chronic heart failure and liver function, Felix Stickel, Matteo Montani, and Christian Datz
24.7: Protein-losing enteropathy associated with heart disease, Conall Morgan and Luc Mertens
Section 25. Rheumatoid arthritis and the heart
Section editor: Thomas Lüscher
25.1: Introduction, Thomas F. Lüscher
25.2: Mechanisms of inflammation, Roland Klingenberg and Ulf Müller-Ladner
25.3: Inflammatory diseases: inflammation and cardiovascular disease, Luigi Marzio Biasucci and Giovanna Liuzzo
25.4: Rheumatoid arthritis: basic mechanisms in joints, Oliver Distler and Caroline Ospelt
25.5: Anti-inflammatory therapies for cardiovascular disease, Thomas F. Lüscher and Paul M. Ridker
25.6: Treatment aims in rheumatoid arthritis, Oliver Distler and Adrian Ciurea
25.7: Inflammatory bowel disease: basic mechanisms, Gerhard Rogler
25.8: Inflammatory bowel disease and the heart, Christian M. Matter, Stephan Winnik, and Gerhard Rogler
25.9: Psoriasis, Alexander A. Navarini
Section 26. Rheumatic heart disease
Section editor: Ferande Peters
26.1: Introduction, Ferande Peters
26.2: Epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, Liesl Zühlke
26.3: Pathogenesis: from acute rheumatic fever to rheumatic heart disease, Liesl Zühlke
26.4: Clinical features and diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever, Antoinette Cilliers
26.5: Echocardiography in acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, Ferande Peters, Ruchika Meel, and Mohammed R. Essop
26.6: Prevention and definitive therapy of acute rheumatic fever, Liesl Zühlke
26.7: Chronic rheumatic disease, Ferande Peters, Mpiko Ntsekhe, and Mohammed Essop
26.8: Clinical scenarios in chronic rheumatic heart disease, Mohammed Essop, Mpiko Ntsekhe, and Ferande Peters
26.9: Therapeutic options in chronic rheumatic heart disease, Mohammed Essop
Section 27. Cardio-oncology
Section editor: John Groarke
27.1: Introduction, John Groarke
27.2: Radiation-induced heart disease: surveillance and management, Ersilia M. DeFilippis and Anju Nohria
27.3: Surveillance for cardiotoxicity in patients receiving potentially cardiotoxic chemotherapy, Cian P. McCarthy, Michael T. Osborne, and Tomas G. Neilan
27.4: Anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, prophylaxis, management, and prognosis, Daniela Cardinale and Carlo Maria Cipolla
27.5: Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, management, prophylaxis, and prognosis, Torbjørn Omland
27.6: Cardiovascular complications of novel kinase inhibitors, Mark Sweeney and Alexander Lyon
27.7: Cardiovascular complications of novel multiple myeloma treatments, Daniel J. Lenihan
27.8: Cardiovascular risk in men with prostate cancer, Daniel Perry, Megan Caram, and Monika Leja
27.9: Cardiac arrhythmias and cancer therapies, John Keaney
Section 28. HIV
Section editor: Nombulelo P. Magula
28.1: Introduction, Nombulelo P. Magula and Akira Singh
28.2: Epidemiology of HIV-associated cardiovascular complications, Giuseppe Barbaro
28.3: HIV-associated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, Ntobeko A. B. Ntusi
28.4: Pericarditis and myopericarditis in HIV, Rubeshan Perumal and Nombulelo P. Magula
28.5: Vascular disease: coronary, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, Darrin Ryan Naidoo and Sherlina Kasipersad
28.6: Pulmonary hypertension: definitions, classification, diagnosis, and management, Anastase Dzudie and Friedrich Thienemann
28.7: Antiretroviral treatment, Nombulelo P. Magula, Rubeshan Perumal, and Ruffin Apalata
Section 29. Acute coronary syndromes
Section editor: Stefan James
29.1: Introduction, Stefan James and Marco Roffi
29.2: The plaque, Michael Joner and Philipp Nicol
29.3: Epidemiology of acute coronary syndromes, Héctor Bueno
29.4: General risk factors of acute coronary syndromes, Lene Rørholm Pedersen and Eva Prescott
29.5: Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes, Giovanna Liuzzo, Daniela Pedicino, and Filippo Crea
29.6: Thrombotic response, Robert Storey and William Parker
29.7: Development of myocardial infarction, Pascal Vranckx
29.8: Diagnosis and risk stratification of acute coronary syndromes, Christian Mueller
29.9: Treatment of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes, Marco Valgimigli and Marco Angelillis
29.10: Treatment of ST elevation acute coronary syndromes, Borja Ibanez and Sigrun Halvorsen
Section 30. Takotsubo syndrome
Section editor: Christian Templin
30.1: Introduction, Christian Templin
30.2: Incidence and definition of takotsubo syndrome, Abhiram Prasad
30.3: Mechanisms of takotsubo syndrome, Leonarda Galiuto and Filippo Crea
30.4: Signal transduction pathways initiated by catecholamines in takotsubo syndrome: focus on nitrosative stress and energetic impairment, John D. Horowitz, Thanh Ha Nguyen, Sven Y. Surikow, Gao Jing Ong, Cher-Rin Chong, Dana K. Dawson, and Michael P. Frenneaux
30.5: Triggers of takotsubo syndrome, Jelena R. Ghadri
30.6: Clinical presentation of takotsubo syndrome, Ilan Wittstein
30.7: Diagnostic testing in takotsubo syndrome, Rodolfo Citro and Eduardo Bossone
30.8: ECG features and arrhythmias in takotsubo syndrome, Federico Migliore, Sebastiano Gili, and Domenico Corrado
30.9: Co-morbidities in takotsubo syndrome, Ken Kato, Sebastiano Gili, Fabio Fabbian, and Roberto Manfredini
30.10: Management of takotsubo syndrome, John E. Madias
30.11: Takotsubo syndrome complications, outcome, and prognosis, Scott W. Sharkey
Section 31. Genetics of CV diseases
Section editor: William Wijns
31.1: Introduction, William Wijns
31.2: Pathology of Stable Coronary Artery Disease, Michael Joner, Kristin Steigerwald, and Anna Bulin
31.3: Pathophysiology of coronary circulation, Nils Johnson and K. Gould
31.4: Myocardial ischemia: definition and causes, Filippo Crea and Gaetano Lanza
31.5: Importance of the Coronary Collateral Circulation, Christian Seiler
31.6: Coronary artery disease: from atherosclerosis to obstructive disease, inducible ischemia and the ischemic cascade, Jeroen Bax
31.7: Clinical symptoms of stable ischemic heart disease, Ulrich Fischer-Rasokat and Christian Hamm
31.8: Non invasive functional evaluation, Juhani Knuuti and Antti Saraste
31.9: Non invasive (CT) and invasive angiography, Stephan Achenbach
31.10: Invasive Functional Evaluation of Patients with Chronic Ischaemic Heart Disease, Keith Oldroyd and Colin Berry
31.11: Intracoronary imaging, Nicola Ryan, Nieves Gonzalo, and Javier Escaned
31.12: Risk stratification and risk scores, Vasim Farooq, Patrick Serruys, and Ply Chichareon
31.13: Medical management: lifestyle and behavioural changes, Nicolas Danchin, Etienne Puymirat, and Nadia Aissaoui
31.14: Medical management: pharmacological therapy, Aviv Shaul and David Hasdai
31.15: Myocardial revascularization: symptomatic and prognostic indications, Jean Claude Tardif, Philippe L?Allier, and Fabien Picard
31.16: Cost Effectiveness, Ruben Osnabrugge and Pieter Kappetein
31.17: Patient Reported Outcome Measures in Cardiovascular Disease, Ran Kornowski and Eli Lev
31.18: IHD and Diabetes, Ruben Osnabrugge and Pieter Kappetein
31.19: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention vs. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, Daniele Giacoppo and Robert Byrne
31.20: Refractory angina, Alessia Azzano and Stefan Verheye
31.21: Chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy, Ward Heggermont, Marc Vanderheyden, and Jozef Bartunek
31.22: Microvascular angina, Paolo Camici and Ornella Rimoldi
31.23: Vasospastic angina, Peter Ong and Udo Sechtem
Section 32. Myocardial disease
Section editor: Perry Elliott
32.1: Introduction, Perry Elliott
32.2: Classification of cardiomyopathies, Eloisa Arbustini, Valentina Favalli, Alessandro Di Toro, Alessandra Serio, and Jagat Narula
32.3: General approach to diagnosis of cardiomyopathies, Claudio Rapezzi and Massimiliano Lorenzini
32.4: Hypertrophic Cardiomyapathy - Genetics of HCM, Mohammed Akhtar and Luis Lopes
32.5: Hypertrophic Cardiomyapathy - HCM: Diagnosis and assessment of symptoms, Albert Hagege
32.6: Hypertrophic Cardiomyapathy - HCM: Medical management of heart failure symptoms and arrythmia, Iacopo Olivotto
32.7: Hypertrophic Cardiomyapathy - HCM: Invasive management of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, Steve Omen
32.8: Hypertrophic Cardiomyapathy - HCM: Prevention of sudden cardiac death, Constantinos O'Mahony
32.9: Dilated Cardiomyopathy - DM: Genetics, Luis Lopes
32.10: Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Clinical diagnosis and medical management, Gianfranco Sinagra, Marco Merlo, and Davide Stolfo
32.11: Dilated Cardiomyopathy - DCM: Management of arrythmia and prevention of sudden cardiac death, Pier Lambiase and Rui Providencia
32.12: Restrictive cardiomyopathy, Jens Mogensen
32.13: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomypathy - ARVC: Genetics, Petros Syrris and Alexandros Protonotarios
32.14: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomypathy - ARVC: Diagnosis, Cristina Basso, Barbara Bauce, and Gaetano Thiene
32.15: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomypathy - ARVC: Management of symptoms and prevention of sudden cardiac death, Perry Elliott and Alexandros Protonotarios
32.16: Left Ventricular non-compaction - LVNC: GENETICSand embryology, Pablo Garcia-Pavia and Fernando Dominguez
32.17: Left ventricular non-compaction: diagnosis and clinical management, Jens Mogensen and Torsten B. Rasmussen
32.18: Myocarditis - Aetiology & histopathological diagnosis, Sabine Pankuweit
32.19: Myocarditis - Clinical presentation, Alida Caforio, Renzo Marcolongo, and Sabino Iliceto
32.20: Myocarditis - Imaging (Echo, CMR, nuclear), Ali Yilmaz and Anca Florian
32.21: Myocarditis - Treatment of myocarditis, Peter Heinz Schultheiss and Felicitas Escher
32.22: The Heart in Nueromuscular disease - Mitochondrial Disease, Denis Duboc
32.23: The Heart in Nueromuscular disease - Myotonic Dystrophy, Henning Bundgaard, Anna Axelsson, Alex Christensen, and Helle Petri
32.24: The Heart in Neuromuscular disease - Duchenne and Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophies, Karim Wahbi
32.25: The Heart Inherited Metabolic disorders - Lysomal and glycogen storage diseases, Ales Linhart
32.26: Cardiac Amyloidosis, Martha Grogan
32.27: Peripartum Cardiomyopathy, Karen Sliwa and Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner
32.28: Cardiomyopathies in Children and Adolescents, Juan Kaski and Gabrielle Norrish
Section 33. Pericardial disease
Section editor: Yehuda Adler
33.1: Overview of pericardial syndromes, Michael Arad and Yehuda Adler
33.2: Acute and recurrent pericarditis, Massimo Imazio, Fiorenzo Gaita, and Yehuda Adler
33.3: Pericardial effusion, Antonio Brucato and Stefano Maggiolini
33.4: Cardiac tamponade, Arsen D. Ristic, Petar M. Seferovic, Bernhard Maisch, and Vladimir Kanjuh
33.5: Constrictive pericarditis, Antonis Pantazis, Karin Klingel, and Yishay Wasserstrum
33.6: Pericardial masses and congenital abnormalities, Angelos G. Rigopoulos and Hubert Seggewiss
33.7: Pericardial involvement in neoplastic disease, Dor Lotan and Yehuda Adler
33.8: Multimodality imaging of pericardial diseases, Massimo Imazio and Fiorenzo Gaita
33.9: Interventional therapies for pericardial diseases, Bernhard Maisch, Arsen Ristic, Sabine Pankuweit, and Peter Seferovic
33.10: Surgical therapies for pericardial disease, George Krasopoulos
33.11: What next?, Yehuda Adler and Dor Lotan
Section 34. Tumours of the heart
Section editor: Gaetano Thiene
34.1: Masses and cardiac tumours: classification and diagnosis, Gaetano Thiene, Stefania Rizzo, Martina Perazzolo Marra, Marialuisa Valente, and Cristina Basso
34.2: Benign cardiac tumours, Cristina Basso, Stefania Rizzo, Martina Perazzolo Marra, Marialuisa Valente, and Gaetano Thiene
34.3: Malignant tumours, pericardial tumours, and therapy, Cristina Basso, Stefania Rizzo, Marialuisa Valente, Martina Perazzolo Marra, and Gaetano Thiene
Section 35. Valvular heart disease
Section editor: Helmut Baumgartner
35.1: Introduction and general comments, Bernard Lung and Pieter Kappetein
35.2: Aortic regurgitation, Pilar Tornos Mas and Emmanuel Lansac
35.3: Aortic stenosis, Helmut Baumgartner and Thomas Walther
35.4: Mitral regurgitation, Raphael Rosenhek and Michele de Bonis
35.5: Mitral stenosis, Alec Vahanian
35.6: Tricuspid regurgitation, Patrizio Lancellotti and Michele de Bonis
35.7: Tricuspid stenosis, Michele DeBonis
35.8: Combined and multiple valve diseases, Michele DeBonis
35.9: Prosthetic valves, Bernard Iung and Johan Sjögren
35.10: Management during non-cardiac surgery, Johan Holm and Bernard Iung
35.11: Management during pregnancy, Johan Holm and Bernard Iung
Section 36. Infective endocarditis
Section editor: Gilbert Habib
36.1: Epidemiology and physiopathology, Bernard Iung
36.2: Diagnosis, Nuria Fernández-Hidalgo, María Nazarena Pizzi, and Pilar Tornos
36.3: Prognosis and complications, Isidre Vilacosta and Carmen Olmos
36.4: Prosthetic valve endocarditis, José A. San Román and Javier López
36.5: Cardiac device-related endocarditis, Maria Grazia Bongiorni and Andrea Di Cori
36.6: Right-sided infective endocarditis, José A. San Román and Javier López
36.7: Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis, Patrizio Lancellotti and Stella Marchetta
36.8: Specific situations: congenital heart disease, Joey M. Kuijpers, Berto J. Bouma, and Barbara J. M. Mulder
36.9: Indications for surgery: guidelines, Gilbert Habib
36.10: Surgical techniques, Jean-François Obadia, Benoit Cosset, and Matteo Pozzi
36.11: Antibiotic prophylaxis and prevention of infective endocarditis, Bruno Hoen and Xavier Duval
36.12: Conclusion and future directions, Gilbert Habib
Section 37. Heart failure
Section editor: John McMurray
37.1: Epidemiology of Heart Failure, Theresa McDonagh and Kaushik Guha
37.2: Definition, epidemiology/burden of disease - HFrEF, Pietro Aldo Maggioni and Ovidiu Chioncel
37.3: Definition, epidemiology/burden of disease - HFpEF, Lars Lund and Gianluigi Savarese
37.4: Health related quality of life - Definition, epidemiology, burden of disease, interventions, Anna Stromberg and Tiny Jaarsma
37.5: Heart Failure: Symptoms, signs and the ECG, Pardeep Jhund
37.6: Chronic Heart Failure Diagnosis a Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction
37.7: Chronic heart failure diagnosis - Imaging echocardiography, Thomas Marwick
37.8: Chronic heart failure diagnosis - Imaging - cardiac MRI, Robert Manka and Sabrina Oebel
37.9: Chronic heart failure diagnosis - Biomarkers, Christian Mueller
37.10: Chronic heart failure diagnosis - Genetics, Perry Elliott
37.11: Estimating prognosis - Prognostic scores, Vasiliki Bistola, John Parissis, and Gerasimos Filippatos
37.12: Estimating prognosis - Biomarkers, Arthur Richards
37.13: Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Atrial fibrillation, Dipak Kotecha and Mitja Lainscak
37.14: Heart failure and diabetes mellitus, Mark Petrie and Kieran Doherty
37.15: Hypertension and Heart Failure, Francesco Paneni and Massimo Volpe
37.16: Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Renal dysfunction, Kevin Damman
37.17: Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Anaemia/iron deficiency, Piotr Ponikowski
37.18: Comorbidities: Obesity, cachexia, sarcopenia, and the impact of nutrition, Stefan Anker and Stephan von Haeling
37.19: Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) a Lung disease
37.20: Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Sleep disordered breathing, Martin Cowie
37.21: Comorbidity (HFrEF and HFpEF) - Cancer, Thomas Suter
37.22: Heart failure due to valvular heart disease, Luc Pierard
37.23: Diuretic Use in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction, Rhondalyn Forde-McLean and Mariell Jessup
37.24: ACEI and or ARBs in Heart Failure and reduced Ejection Fraction, Marc Pfeffer
37.25: Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, John McMurray
37.26: Beta blockers in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, Simon Beggs and Roy Gardner
37.27: HFrEF pharmacological treatment - Ivabradine, Michel Komajda
37.28: Heart Failure with a Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) Pharmacological Treatment; Digitalis Glycosides, John Cleland and Yura Mareev
37.29: HFrEF pharmacological treatment - Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate, Faraz Ahmad and Clyde Yancy
37.30: HFrEF other treatment - CRT/ICD, Valentina Kutyifa
37.31: HFrEF other treatment - Revascularization, Eric Velazquez and Mark Petrie
37.32: HFrEF other treatment - VADs, Randall Starling and Emer Joyce
37.33: Advanced Heart Failure other treatment - Transplantation, Peter MacDonald and Kumud Dhital
37.34: HFrEF treatment - nurse led heart failure management programmes, Anna Stromberg and Tiny Jaarsma
37.35: HFpEF treatment - Pharmacological therapy, Maja Cikes and Scott Solomon
37.36: Patient monitoring, Dirk van Veldhuisen
37.37: Exercise Rehabilitation in Heart Failure with reduced and preserved Ejection Fraction, Alan Cohen-Solal
37.38: Palliative care in heart failure, James Beattie
37.39: Acute heart failure - Diagnosis, Adriaan Voors and Piotr Ponikowski
37.40: Acute heart failure - Immediate management/stabilization, Javier Martin-Sanchez, Oscar Miro, and Hector Bueno
37.41: Acute heart failure - Treatment, Dimitrios Farmakis, John Parissis, and Gerasimos Filippatos
Section 38. Bradycardia
Section editor: Giuseppe Boriani
38.1: Introduction, Giuseppe Boriani
38.2: Aetiology and epidemiology of bradyarrhythmias, Fredrik Gadler and Cinzia Valzania
38.3: Classification of bradyarrhythmias, Bulent Gorenek and Gulmira Kudaiberdieva
38.4: Methods and tools for the diagnosis of intermittent and persistent bradycardia, Georges H. Mairesse
38.5: Anatomy and physiology of the sinus node, Antonio Zaza
38.6: The sinus node: normal and abnormal chronotropic response and drug effects, Bruce Wilkoff and Corey Coleman
38.7: Sinus node disease: pathophysiology and natural history, Jonathan M. Kalman and Gwilym M. Morris
38.8: Sinus node disease: ECG patterns and diagnosis, Tatjana Potpara
38.9: Sinus node disease: the role of electrophysiological testing, Dominic A. M. J. Theuns
38.10: Atrial tachyarrhythmias in bradycardiaatachycardia syndrome: characterization and evolution
38.11: Anatomy and physiology of the atrioventricular node, M. J. Pekka Raatikainen
38.12: Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: ECG patterns and diagnosis, S. Serge Barold
38.13: Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and atrioventricular blocks: role of electrophysiology testing, Demosthenes G. Katritsis and Mark E. Josephson
38.14: Congenital atrioventricular blocks: clinical presentation, clinical evaluation, and management, Drago Fabrizio and Battipaglia Irma
38.15: Carotid sinus syndrome: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management, Richard Sutton
38.16: Bradycardia in athletes: clinical evaluation and management, Hein Heidbuchel
38.17: Cardiac pacing: basic concepts, Renato Pietro Ricci
38.18: Temporary pacing, Alexander Bauer
38.19: Permanent cardiac pacing in bradyarrhythmias: device coding, Béla Merkely
38.20: Pacing for bradycardia: device features and algorithms and clinical impact, Jens Cosedis Nielsen and Jens Kristensen
38.21: Electrocardiographic patterns of cardiac pacemakers: normal and abnormal findings, Carsten Israel
38.22: Follow-up of pacemaker patients with bradyarrhythmias: scope of follow-up and organizational issues, Anne M. Gillis
38.23: Pacemakers in children and adolescents, Johannes Sperzel
38.24: Lead management, Jean Claude Deharo
38.25: Electromagnetic interference in pacemaker patients, Jan Steffel
38.26: Pacemaker syndrome, Giuseppe Boriani and Igor Diemberger
Section 39. Syncope
Section editor: Michele Brignole
39.1: Definition, epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology, J. Gert van Dijk and Roland D. Thijs
39.2: Diagnostic evaluation, Frederik J. de Lange and J. Gert van Dijk
39.3: Reflex syncope, Jean-Claude Deharo
39.4: Cardiac syncope, Richard Sutton
39.5: Orthostatic intolerance: orthostatic hypotension and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, Artur Fedorowski
39.6: Unexplained syncope in patients with high risk of sudden cardiac death, Vincent Probst and Jean-Baptiste Gourraud
39.7: Recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2018), Michele Brignole
Section 40. Supraventricular tachycardias
Section editor: Carina Blomstorm-Lundqvist
40.1: Introduction, Carina Blomström-Lundqvist
40.2: Epidemiology of supraventricular tachycardias, Gregory Y. H. Lip
40.3: Atrial premature beats, Tatjana Potpara
40.4: Definitions, clinical presentation, symptoms, quality of life, and patient preferences, Tatjana Potpara
40.5: Differential diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardias, Haran Burri
40.6: Acute management of supraventricular tachycardias with and without established diagnosis (termination and/or rate regulation of tachycardia), Isabel Deisenhofer
40.7: Management of rapid heartbeats/tachycardias with rhythm or rate control in the absence of ECG-verified diagnosis, Isabel Deisenhofer
40.8: Management of specific supraventricular tachycardias, Isabel Deisenhofer
40.9: Sinus node-related tachycardias: physiological sinus tachycardia, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, sinus node reentrant tachycardia, and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, Brian Olshansky
40.10: Atrial tachycardias: focal and multifocal atrial tachycardias, Pierre Jaïs and Nicolas Derval
40.11: Atrial tachycardias: macroreentrant atrial tachycardias, CTI-dependent atrial flutter (clockwise, anticlockwise), and non-CTI-dependent macroreentrant atrial tachycardia, Jose L. Merino
40.12: Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, Demosthenes G. Katritsis
40.13: Accessory pathways-related tachycardias: Wolff-