CONTENTS
1. Basics of Ultrasound 1
Ashwin Venkateshvaran, Srikanth Sola
• Basic Principles 1; • Selecting a Transducer 2; • Understanding Image Resolution 3;
• Understanding Tissue Harmonic Imaging 5; • Understanding Artifacts 8
2. Introduction to Doppler Echocardiography 14
Madhu Mary Minz, Mansi Kaushik, Manish Bansal, Ravi R Kasliwal
• Doppler Equation 14; • Doppler Display 15; • Modes of Doppler Echocardiography 16;
• Doppler Ultrasound Equipment Control Panel 21; • Applications of Doppler Echocardiography in
Cardiology 22; • Doppler Artifacts 26
3. How to do Basic Transthoracic Echocardiography? 29
Vivek Tandon
• Preliminaries 29; • Basic Echocardiographic Examination 31; • Reporting 41
4. Performance of Transesophageal Echocardiography:
Basic Principles and Views 43
Nitin J Burkule, Manish Bansal
• Transesophageal Echocardiography Probe Hardware 43; • Patient Selection 43;
• Patient Set-up, Anesthesia, Intraprocedure Monitoring Considerations 44; • Technique of
Transesophageal Echocardiography Probe Insertion 46; • Technical Aspects of Transesophageal
Echocardiography Probe Manipulation and Image Display 47; • Transesophageal Echocardiography
Windows 49; • General Principles of Transesophageal Echocardiography Imaging 50;
• General Workflow of Comprehensive Transesophageal Echocardiography Imaging and Main Views 50
5. Chamber Quantification: Left Ventricle 65
Satish K Parashar, Rohit Tandon, Ankush Sachdeva, Sameer Shrivastava
• Measurement of Left Ventricular Linear Dimensions 66; • Left Ventricular Mass 67; • Evaluation of Left
Ventricular Volumes and Global Left Ventricular Systolic Functions 68; • Other Parameters for Estimating
Global Left Ventricular Functions 72; • Live Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Left Ventricular
Quantitation 75; • Global Longitudinal Strain 75 • Learning Points 77
6. Chamber Quantification: Right Ventricle 79
Rahul Mehrotra
• Problems with Right Ventricular Assessment 79; • Echocardiographic Views 79; • Measurement of
Right Ventricular Linear Dimensions 79; • Measurement of Right Ventricle Wall Thickness 82;
• Volumetric Assessment of Right Ventricle 82; • Measurement of Right Ventricle Systolic
Function 82; • Measurement of Right Ventricular Diastolic Function 84
Prelims.indd 21Prelims.indd 21 17-01-2022 17:55:1917-01-2022 17:55:19xxiiContents
7. Chamber Quantification: Left Atrium and Right Atrium 88
Rajan Joseph Manjuran
• Left Atrial Volume Assessment 88; • Right Atrial Volume Assessment 92
8. Echocardiography in Pulmonary Hypertension 95
R Alagesan, Satish C Govind
• Evolution of Criteria of Pulmonary Hypertension 95; • Definition and Classification 96;
• Echocardiography in Pulmonary Hypertension 96
9. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Diastolic Functions 111
Anirudddha De, Satish K Parashar
• What is Diastolic Dysfunction and Why LV Filling Pressure is Increased? 112; • Pathophysiology of
Diastolic Dysfunction 112; • Hemodynamic Concepts of Diastole 113; • Echocardiographic
Assessment of Diastolic Function 114; • Mitral Annular Tissue Doppler 115; • Additional Useful
Parameters 118; • Newer Diagnostic Parameters 122; • Grading of Diastolic Dysfunction 124;
• Assessment of Diastolic Dysfunction in Four Common Clinical Conditions 125; • Diastolic Stress Test 128
10. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Mitral Valve 132
Satish K Parashar, Rakesh Gupta, Nandita Chakrabarti, Sangeeta Porwal
• Anatomy of Mitral Valve 132; • Echocardiographic Evaluation of Mitral Valve 133
11. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Mitral Stenosis 137
Satish K Parashar, S Balasubramanian, I Balaji, V Amuthan, Rakesh Gupta
• Pathophysiology of Mitral Stenosis 137; • Etiology 138; • Diagnosis 140; • Stages of Mitral
Stenosis 141; • Assessment of Severity 141; • Grading of Severity 147; • Key Points in Valve
Morphology 148; • Intracardiac Thrombi in Mitral Stenosis 148; • Mimickers of Mitral Stenosis 150
12. Step-by-Step Evaluation of Mitral Regurgitation Using Echocardiography 154
Rohit Tandon, Satish K Parashar, Shibba Takkar, Gurpreet Singh Mahal
• Main Goals of Imaging 154; • Mitral Valve Anatomy 154; • Hemodynamic Effects of Chronic
Mitral Regurgitation 154; • Etiology of Mitral Regurgitation 154; • Mechanisms of Mitral
Regurgitation 156; • Advanced Echocardiography Techniques Used in Mitral Regurgitation 163;
• Role of Exercise Stress Echocardiography in Mitral Regurgitation Evaluation 164;
• Role of Echocardiography Imaging in Guiding Management Decisions 166
13. Examination of Valves: Aortic Valve 170
R Alagesan, Satish C Govind
• Anatomy of Aortic Valve 170; • Echocardiographic Examination 172
14. Echocardiography in Aortic Stenosis 179
R Alagesan, Satish C Govind
• Assessment of Aortic Stenosis 180; • Quantitative Doppler Echocardiography 184;
• Other Indices of Severity of Aortic Stenosis 195; • Correlation of Peak Gradient, Mean Gradient and
Effective Orifice Area 196; • Special Considerations in Aortic Stenosis 200
Prelims.indd 22Prelims.indd 22 17-01-2022 17:55:1917-01-2022 17:55:19Contentsxxiii
15. Echocardiography in Aortic Regurgitation 205
S Shanmugasundaram, U Ilayaraja, K Rajeswari
• Anatomy of Aortic Valve and Aortic Root 205; • Etiology of Aortic Regurgitation 206;
• Echocardiographic Evaluation 208
16. Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Aorta 227
Anezi Uzendu, Mahmoud Elsayed, Subash Dulal, Zeyad M Elmarzouky,
HK Chopra, Navin C Nanda
• Aortic Anatomy 227; • Two-dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography 227; • Two-dimensional
Transesophageal Echocardiography 229; • Live/Real Time Three-dimensional Echocardiography 229;
• Aortic Aneurysm 230; • Aortic Dissection 230; • Aortic Intramural Hematoma 233;
• Aortic Transection 233; • Aortic Atheroma 233; • Aortic Tumor 233; • Marfan Syndrome 233
17. Echocardiography for Cardiac Prevention 236
Ankush Sachdeva, Sameer Shrivastava, HK Chopra
• Ankle–brachial Index 236; • Pulse Wave Velocity 237; • Carotid Intima-media Thickness 237;
• Left Ventricular Hypertrophy 238; • Left Atrial Volume Index 239; • Epicardial Fat 240;
• Aortic and Mitral Valve Calcification 241
18. Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Valve 244
G Rajesh
• Echocardiographic Imaging of the Normal Pulmonary Valve 244; • Echocardiographic Assessment
of Pulmonary Stenosis 247; • Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Regurgitation 249;
• Pulmonary Valve Assessment in Pulmonary Hypertension 250; • Pumonary Acceleration Time 250;
• Absent Pulmonary Valve 253; • Idiopathic Dilatation of Pulmonary Artery 253;
• Straight Back Syndrome 253
19. Echocardiographic Assessment of Tricuspid Valve 255
SR Veeramani, R Ramesh, V Thangamalar
• New Insights into Tricuspid Valve Anatomy and Physiology 255; • Imaging of the Tricuspid Valve 255;
• Imaging for Tricuspid Valve Intervention 256; • Tricuspid Valve Disease 256;
• Quantitative Measures of Tricuspid Regurgitation Severity 257; • Assessment of Tricuspid
Stenosis 260; • Evolving Concepts in Tricuspid Valve Intervention 260; • Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve
Intervention and Role of Imaging Modalities 260; • Future Directions 260
20. Prosthetic Heart Valve: Echocardiographic Evaluation 263
Vinayak Agarwal
• Historical Perspective 263; • Types of Valves 263; • Transcatheter Interventions 264;
• Two-dimensional Echocardiography 265; • Doppler in Evaluation of Prosthetic Heart Valve 271;
• Individual Prosthetic Heart Valve—Specific Evaluation 271; • Mitral Prosthetic Heart Valve 275;
• Special Features in Relation to PHV Evaluation 281; • Bioprosthetic Heart Valve Thrombosis 282;
• Special Considerations 283
21. Pulmonary Thromboembolism 288
Satish K Parashar, Rohit Tandon, S Balasubramanian, HK Chopra
• Pathophysiology and Predisposing Factors 288; • Severity of Acute Pulmonary Embolism Based on
Clinical Presentation 289; • Diagnosis of Pulmonary Thromboembolism 290; • Chronic Thromboembolic
Pulmonary Hypertension 293; • Serial Follow-up 294
Prelims.indd 23Prelims.indd 23 17-01-2022 17:55:2017-01-2022 17:55:20xxivContents
22. Tissue Doppler and Strain Imaging: Physical Principles and
Clinical Applications 298
Jagdish C Mohan, Madhu Shukla, Vishwas Mohan
• Mechanical Structure and Behavior of the Heart Muscle 299; • Myocardium: Architecture
and Function 300; • Myocardial Form and Function 301; • Descriptive Terms 303;
• Concept of Tissue Doppler Imaging 307; • Labeling of Tissue Velocity Waveforms 307;
• Technical Details of Tissue Doppler Imaging 309; • Myocardial Velocities in Short Axis 312;
• Internal Dependency of Velocities 314; • Clinical Applications of Tissue Doppler Imaging 317;
• How to Perform 2D Strain Imaging? 324; • Effects of Ischemia on Regional Deformation Metrics 326;
• Early Systolic Longitudinal Lengthening (Paradoxical Longitudinal Systolic Strain) 328;
• Postsystolic Longitudinal Shortening 329; • Paradoxical Strain Patterns 330; • Left Atrial Function
by Deformation Imaging 334; • Mechanical Properties of the Aorta 336; • 3D/4D Deformation
Imaging 336; • Strength and Weakness of Strain Imaging in Clinical Practice 339
23. Three-dimensional/Four-dimensional Echocardiography 344
V Amuthan, RVA Ananth
• Technical Development of Three-dimensional Echocardiography to Date 344;
• Procedure of Three-dimensional Echocardiography 345; • Cropping 348;
• Three-dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography 348; • Four-dimensional Left Ventricular
Strain and Estimation Left Ventricular Torsional Deformation 351; • Three-dimensional Evaluation of
Left Ventricular Regional Function 353; • Three-dimensional Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function 356;
• Three-dimensional Evaluation of Mitral Valve 358; • Three-dimensional Evaluation of Mitral
Stenosis 360; • Three-dimensional Evaluation of Mitral Regurgitation 361;
• Three-dimensional Evaluation of the Aortic Valve 363; • Three-dimensional Evaluation of Aortic
Stenosis 367; • Three-dimensional Evaluation of Aortic Regurgitation 367;
• Tricuspid Valve 369; • Pulmonary Valve 369; • Three-dimensional Evaluation of Interatrial Septum,
Right And Left Atria 370; • Three-dimensional Evaluation of Left Atrium 371; • Three-dimensional
Evaluation of Left Atrial Appendage 371
24. Coronary Artery Disease 379
Manish Bansal, Ravi R Kasliwal
• Assessment of Regional Left Ventricular Systolic Function 379; • Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease
in the Outpatient Setting 381; • Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease in the Emergency Room 381;
• Assessing the Extent of Myocardial Damage 382; • Hemodynamic Assessment in Patients with
Myocardial Infarction 383; • Complications of Myocardial Infarction 383; • Detection of Residual
Myocardial Ischemia after Acute Management of Myocardial Infarction 386; • Prediction of Left Ventricular
Remodeling and Functional Recovery 387; • Risk of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia and Sudden
Cardiac Death 389; • Other Applications of Echocardiography in Coronary Artery Disease 389
25. Stress Echocardiography for the Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease 394
Nitin J Burkule, Manish Bansal
• Indications for Stress Echocardiography and Appropriate Usage Criteria 394; • Fundamental Principles
of Stress Echocardiography 396; • Setting Up a Stress Echocardiography Laboratory 396;
• Performance of Stress Echocardiography 397; • Diagnostic Accuracy of Stress Echocardiography 406;
• Role of Newer Modalities in Stress Echocardiography 408; • Prognostic Value of Stress
Echocardiography 410; • Additional Benefits of Stress Echocardiography 411;
• Clinical Relevance of Ischemia Detection with Stress Echocardiography 411; • Role of Stress
Echocardiography in Special Scenarios 412; • Versatility of Stress Echocardiography for
Improving its Diagnostic and Prognostic Value 412; • Assessment of Myocardial Viability 412;
Prelims.indd 24Prelims.indd 24 17-01-2022 17:55:2017-01-2022 17:55:20Contentsxxv
Appendix A 423
Appendix B 424
• Procedure 424; • ECG Findings 424; • Echocardiographic Findings 424; • Summary and
Interpretation 425; • Final Impression 425; • Procedure 426; • ECG Findings 426;
• Echocardiographic Findings 426; • Summary and Interpretation 427; • Final Impression 427
26. Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography 428
Nitin J Burkule, Manish Bansal
• Principles of Ultrasound Contrast Imaging 428; • Technique of Left Ventricular Cavity Opacification 428;
• Use of Left Ventricular Opacification in Clinical Practice 429; • Uses of Myocardial Contrast
Echocardiography in Clinical Practice 434; • Future Direction 435
27. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 439
S Shanmugasundaram, B Vinodkumar, K Rajeswari
• Defining the Disease 439; • Inheritance 440; • Morphological Features 440;
• Hypertrophy: The Hallmark of HCM 440; • Myocardial Texture 446; • Crypts 446; • Ventricular
Function 446; • Left Atrial Abnormalities 449; • Mitral Apparatus 449; • Aorta and Aortic
Valve in HCM 450; • Altered Physiology 450; • Mitral Regurgitation in HCM 454; • Impaired Diastolic
Function 456; • Restrictive Phenotype 457; • LV Dyssynchrony 457; • Coronary Flow Reserve 457;
• Transesophageal Echocardiography 457; • 3D Echocardiography 458; • Stress
Echocardiography 458; • Contrast Echocardiography 458; • Role of Multimodality Imaging 458;
• Imaging to Differentiate HCM from Phenocopies 460; • Screening Family Members 462;
• Imaging to Guide Management Options 463; • Imaging for Risk Stratification 463;
• Follow-up Imaging 463
28. Echocardiography in Dilated Cardiomyopathy 467
CK Ponde
• Etiology 467; • Diagnostic Criteria for Dilated Cardiomyopathy Based on Imaging 467;
• Echocardiography Features in Dilated Cardiomyopathy 467; • Assessment of Systolic Functions in
Dilated Cardiomyopathy Using Conventional and New Techniques 469;
• Hemodynamic Assessment 471; • Dyssynchrony 472; • Prognosis 474
29. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 479
Shantanu P Sengupta
• Types of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 479; • Hemodynamics of Restrictive Physiology 479;
• Differentiation from Constrictive Pericarditis 479; • Cardiac Amyloidosis 481; • Sarcoidosis 482;
• Iron Overload: Hemosiderosis 483; • Eosinophilic Endomyocardial Disease 483; • Idiopathic (Primary)
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 483
30. Role of Echocardiography in Diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever 486
IB Vijayalakshmi
• Jones Criteria 486; • Echocardiography versus Clinical Examination 486; • Application of Vijaya’s
Echo Criteria 487; • Rheumatic versus Nonrheumatic Regurgitation 487; • Echo is the Key 488;
• Physiological versus Pathological Regurgitation 489; • Application of Revised Jones Criteria 2015 490
Prelims.indd 25Prelims.indd 25 17-01-2022 17:55:2017-01-2022 17:55:20xxviContents
31. Pericardium and Pericardial Diseases: An Echocardiographic Study 494
G Vijayaraghavan, Sakalesh Patil
• Congenitally Absent Pericardium 495; • Pericarditis 495; • Pericardial Effusion 496;
• Discollagenosis and Pericardium 498; • Uremic Pericarditis 498; • Cardiac Tamponade 499;
• Swinging Heart 502; • Ventricular Interdependence 503; • Low-pressure Tamponade—Cheshire Cat
Syndrome 504; • Loculated Effusions 504; • Effusive Constrictive Pericarditis 504;
• Constrictive Pericarditis 505; • Septal Bounce 506; • Annulus Paradoxus and Annulus
Reversus 507; • Transient Cardiac Constriction 507; • Constrictive Pericarditis and Restrictive
Cardiomyopathy 508
32. Pediatric Transthoracic Echocardiography: Basic Views 511
BRJ Kannan
• Sedation Protocol 511; • Basic Rules 511; • Echocardiographic Views 512
33. Echocardiographic Assessment of Acyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases 520
BRJ Kannan
• Classification of Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease 520; • Chamber Dilatation in Atrial Septal
Defect 520; • Pulmonary Hypertension in Atrial Septal Defect 521;
• Ostium Secundum-Atrial Septal Defect 521; • Sinus Venosus-atrial Septal Defect 522;
• Ostium Primum-atrial Septal Defect 523; • Ventricular Septal Defects 523;
• Chamber Dilatation in Ventricular Septal Defect 523; • Pulmonary Hypertension versus Pulmonary Vascular
Disease in Ventricular Septal Defect 524; • Perimembranous Ventral Septal Defect 524;
• Outlet Ventricular Septal Defect 525; • Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect 526;
• Inlet Venricular Septal Defect 526; • Patent Ductus Arteriosus 527;
• Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction 528; • Subvalvular or Infundibular Stenosis 528;
• Valvular Pulmonary Stenosis 528; • Supravalvular Stenosis 528; • Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
Obstruction 528; • Valvular Aortic Stenosis 529; • Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis 529; • Supravalvular Aortic
Stenosis 529; • Coarctation of Aorta 529; • Assessment of Severity 530
34. Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease 532
KM Krishnamoorthy, Deepa S Kumar
• Classification of Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease 532; • General Aspects to Look for in All Patients
with CCHD 533; • Tetralogy of Fallot 535; • Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect 537;
• Tricuspid Atresia 538; • Double Outlet Right Ventricle 538; • D-Transposition of Great
Arteries 539; • L-Transposition of Great Arteries 539; • Single Ventricle 540; • Hypoplastic Left Heart
Syndrome 540; • Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum 541; • Ebstein’s Anomaly 542;
• Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection 544; • Truncus Arteriosus 545;
• Eisenmenger Syndrome 546; • Systemic Venous Anomalies Producing Cyanosis 547;
• Miscellaneous Conditions 547
35. Echo in the Emergency Room 552
Gurunath Parale, Chinmay Parale
• Cardiac Ultrasound in the Emergency Room: Focused versus Comprehensive Echo 552;
• Common Clinical Scenarios Where Echo is Required 552; • Evaluation of Chest Pain in the Emergency
Room 553; • Heart Failure 559; • Shock 561; • Cardiac Arrest 562;
• Stroke 565; • Chest Trauma 566; • Lung Ultrasound 566; • Medicolegal Issues 568
Prelims.indd 26Prelims.indd 26 17-01-2022 17:55:2017-01-2022 17:55:20Contentsxxvii
36. Cardiac Tumors 572
A George Koshy, Mathew Iype, KM Krishnamoorthy
• Clinical Presentations 572; • Benign Tumors 572; • Malignant Cardiac Tumors 577;
• Secondary Cardiac Tumors 579; • Normal Variants and Other Masses 579
37. Echocardiography in Infective Endocarditis 582
Chandramukhi Sunehra, P Krishnam Raju
• Incidence of Infective Endocarditis 582; • Epidemiology 582; • Diagnosis of Infective
Endocarditis 583; • Culture Negative Endocarditis 584; • Future Perspectives in the Molecular
Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis 585; • Complications of Infective Endocarditis 588;
• Other Complications: Pericarditis, Myocarditis, and Myocardial Infarction 596; • Indications for Surgery
In Infective Endocarditis 596; • Checklist for Echocardiographic Assessment in a Patient with Infective
Endocarditis 598; • Echocardiography in Specific Clinical Situations of Infective Endocarditis 598;
• Right-sided Infective Endocarditis 599; • Fungal Endocarditis 600;
• Infective Endocarditis in Congenital Heart Disease 602; • Infective Endocarditis in Hypertrophic
Cardiomyopathy 605; • Limitations of Echocardiography in Infective Endocarditis 605;
• Newer Imaging Modalities 605
38. Cardiovascular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases 610
Chandramukhi Sunehra, P Krishnam Raju
• Systemic Inflammatory Diseases 610; • Granulomatous Disorders 616; • Metabolic Disorders 619;
• Thyroid Disorders 623; • Infiltrative Disorders 625; • Others Disorders 641; • Scorpion Stings and
Snake Bite 646; • Stress-induced Cardiomyopathy 646
39. Artifacts in Echocardiography 651
Sajan Ahmad Z, Anurag Bahekar
• Artifacts in Two-dimensional Echocardiography 651; • Artifacts in Spectral and Color Flow
Doppler 654; • Artifacts during Transesophageal Echocardiography 655; • Artifacts during
Contrast Echocardiography 656; • Artifacts in Three-dimensional Echocardiography 657
40. Interventional and Fusion Echocardiography 659
Sakshi Sachdeva, Anunay Gupta, S Ramakrishnan
• Interventional Echocardiography 659; • Fusion Echocardiography 660;
• Intracardiac Echocardiography 661
41. Echocardiography for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement 664
Satish C Govind, R Alagesan
• Types of Valves 664; • Patient Selection 664; • Contraindications 665;
• Echocardiography 665; • Intraprocedural Echocardiography 672; • Complications 672;
• Postprocedure Echocardiography 674; • Advancements 675
42. Echocardiography in Percutaneous Mitral Valve Interventions 678
Harsha Basappa, Satish C Govind
• Techniques 678
Prelims.indd 27Prelims.indd 27 17-01-2022 17:55:2017-01-2022 17:55:20xxviiiContents
43. Intravascular Ultrasound 688
Vijayakumar Subban
• Principles and Imaging Systems 688; • Image Interpretation 688; • Clinical Applications of
Intravascular Ultrasound 689; • Clinical Evidence for Intravascular Ultrasound-guided Coronary
Intervention 694; • Intravascular Ultrasound in Specific Lesion Subsets 694;
• Future Perspectives 697
44. Echocardiographic Examination of a Patient with Pacemaker 702
Soumitra Kumar
• Right Ventricular Apical Pacing: What is Wrong with It? 702; • Echocardiography in Evaluation of Effects
of Right Ventricular Pacing on Left Ventricular Function 702; • Can We Prevent or Reverse Detrimental
Effects of Right Ventricular Apical Pacing? 704; • Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Tricuspid
Regurgitation Following Cardiac Pacing 704; • Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Mitral Regurgitation
Following Cardiac Pacing 706; • Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Cardiac Perforation by Pacemaker
Leads 706; • Echocardiography in the Assessment of Pacemaker Lead Infection (Endocarditis)
and Thrombosis 706
45. Echocardiography in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy 709
Ajit Thatchil, V Amuthan
• Role of Echocardiography in Patient Selection for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy 709;
• Echocardiographic Techniques Used to Select Patients for CRT 713; • Speckle Tracking-based
Techniques 716; • Role of Echocardiography in Targeting Lead Placement for CRT 717;
• Role of Echocardiography in Optimizing CRT Programming Postimplant 719;
• Myocardial Work Based Techniques 721
46. Left Atrial Appendage (Anatomy, Physiology, Echocardiography,
Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure Assessment) 726
Daljeet Kaur Saggu, P Krishnam Raju
• Anatomy 726; • Physiology and Hemodynamics 727; • Echocardiographic Imaging of Left Atrial
Appendage 727; • Doppler Assessment 729; • Echocardiographic-guided Left Atrial
Appendage Closure 729
47. Echocardiography for Interventions in Congenital Heart Diseases:
Left-to-right Shunt Lesions 735
Kothandam Sivakumar
• Ventricular Septal Defects 735; • Atrial Septal Defects 755; • Patent Ductus Arteriosus 763;
• Aortopulmonary Window 768
48. Echocardiography in Operation Theater 774
Naman Sastri
• Important Role in Modern Cardiac Surgery 774; • Important Role in Modern Noncardiac
Surgery 774; • Echocardiographic Technique 774; • Important Preparation of Perioperative
Echocardiography 775; • Valvular Heart Disease in Operation Theater 775; • Assessment of the
Patient for Mitral Valve Repair 776; • Transesophageal Echocardiography during Major Aortic Surgery
and Reconstruction 784; • Left Ventricular Function and Wall Motion Abnormalities Intraoperatively 788;
• Pathology of Aorta and Role of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Operation Theater for Acute Aortic
Syndrome 788; • Errors and Artifacts in Assessment in OT with Ascending Aorta 789;
Prelims.indd 28Prelims.indd 28 17-01-2022 17:55:2017-01-2022 17:55:20Contentsxxix
• Epicardial Probe Preparation 790; • Management of Hemodynamic Status by TEE in Operation
Theater 791; • Diastolic Function Assessment by TEE 791; • Practicality of Diastolic Dysfunction in
Operating Room 792; • Strain during Intraoperative Period 793; • TEE in OT to Evaluate Donor and
Recipient Heart for Heart Transplant 795
49. Echocardiographic Practices in India: Legal Issues 798
KK Aggarwal, HK Chopra, K Thangamuthu
• Medicolegal Aspects of Echocardiography 798; • Difference of Opinion 802;
• Fetal Ultrasound/Echocardiography: Illustrative Case and Judgment 803
Appendix 1 805
Appendix 2 806
50. Artificial Intelligence and Echocardiography: Current Status
and Future Perspective 807
Karthik Seetharam, Partho P Sengupta
• Transcendence of Artificial Intelligence 807; • Types of Machine Learning 807; • Rise of Deep
Learning 807; • Importance of Machine Learning in Echocardiography 808; • Augmented Clinical
Inference 808; • Improved Accuracy 808; • Myocardial Function Assessment 808; • Identification
of Unique Phenotypes in Echocardiography 808; • Role of Machine Learning in Speckle Tracking
Echocardiography 810; • Role of Machine Learning in Big Data 811; • Contemporary Views on
Machine Learning 811
51. Status of Echocardiography in Hypertension 814
Rohit Tandon, Shivam Dutt, Gurpreet S Wander, Satish K Parashar
• Guidelines on Echocardiography Testing in Hypertension 814; • Role of Echo in Hypertension 814;
• Future Goals in Hypertension Imaging 823
52. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy 826
Jesu Krupa
• Definition and Classification 826; • Epidemiology 826; • Pathology 826; • Genetics 827;
• Diagnostic Criteria 827; • Case Example 831; • Differential Diagnosis of Arrhythmogenic Right
Ventricular Cardiomyopathy 831; • Natural History 832; • Echocardiography for the Diagnosis of
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy 833; • Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular
Cardiomyopathy in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population 833; • Arrhythmias and Sudden
Cardiac Death Risk 835
53. Role of Two-dimensional Echo in Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease
in Kawasaki Disease 837
Saji Philip
• Clinical Signs and Symptoms 837; • Myocardial Involvement In Kawasaki Disease 838;
• Coronary Aneurysms 839; • Imaging of Coronary Artery 841; • Common Locations of Aneurysms
in Patients with Kawasaki Disease 842; • Techniques in Coronary Artery Echocardiogram, Various
Positions, and Views 842; • Measurement of Coronary Artery 842; • Pitfalls in Evaluation of Coronary
Artery 842; • Recommended Views for the Coronary Artery Delineation 844;
• Reporting Format 847
Prelims.indd 29Prelims.indd 29 17-01-2022 17:55:2017-01-2022 17:55:20xxxContents
54. Role of Echocardiography in Cardio-oncology 849
Hardeep Kaur Grewal, Meera R
• Cancer and Cancer Therapy-related Cardiac Involvement 849; • Role of Echocardiography 850
55. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Diabetes Mellitus 864
V Amuthan, SR Veeramani, RVA Ananth
• Diabetic Cardiomyopathy 864; • Echocardiography 864; • Strain Imaging in Decision Making of
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy 866
56. Fetal Echocardiography 870
UP Singh
• Impact of Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease 870; • Fetal Cardiovascular Hemodynamics
and Pathophysiology 871; • Fetal Position and Various Views 872; • Brief about Fetal Cardiac
Defects 873; • Diagnosis of Cardiac Arrhythmia on Fetal Echo 879; • Disorders Exclusive to
Fetal Heart 879; • Fetal Echo Report Format 879
Index