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The research described in this book represents important steps toward understanding the development of inner ear medicine and new perspectives in regenerative medicine, including efficacy in cochlear implants and various other treatments. The book depicts the mechanisms that underlie inner ear diseases, their experimental models, and proposals for new strategies to treat their symptoms. As well, the exciting future prospects for dealing with the very common problem of inner ear diseases are explained. These disorders occur among many people and include sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), sudden deafness, senile deafness, noise-induced deafness, tinnitus, dizziness–vertigo, and Ménière’s disease. In Japan alone, there are more than 6 million deaf patients including those with middle-range deafness. There is currently no effective treatment, and regardless of the underlying cause, the damage has been considered irreversible. However, the results of recent research show that these patients actually can recover. The study of hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, and stem cells for inner ear diseases such as SNHL, tinnitus, dizziness, and vertigo is at the forefront of regenerative medicine and may provide solutions to some of these problems. The information presented here makes this book a valuable professional reference work for all doctors and researchers in the field of otolaryngology who focus on regenerative treatments for inner ear diseases.
Part I Targets of Regenerative Medicine for the Inner Ear
1 Anatomy of the Inner Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tatsunori Sakamoto and Harukazu Hiraumi
2 Therapeutic Targets and Possible Strategies
for Regenerative Medicine for the Inner Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Takayuki Nakagawa
3 Hair Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Norio Yamamoto
4 Stereocilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Tomoko Kita, Tatsuya Katsuno, and Shin-ichiro Kitajiri
5 Cochlear Lateral Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Takayuki Okano
6 Spiral Ganglion Cell and Auditory Neuron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Tetsuji Sekiya and Harukazu Hiraumi
7 Synaptic Contacts Between Hair Cells and Primary
Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Takayuki Nakagawa
8 Otolith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Yosuke Tona and Akiko Taura
9 Tectorial Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Yosuke Tona and Tatsunori Sakamoto
Part II Development of the Inner Ear
10 Development and Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Norio Yamamoto
11 Otic Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Hiroe Ohnishi and Tatsunori Sakamoto
12 Cochlear Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Tomoko Tateya
13 Vestibular Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Hiroko Torii and Akiko Taura
Part III Cochlear Implants
14 Cochlear Implant: Past, Present, and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Hiroshi Yamazaki
15 Recent Progress in Cochlear Implant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Harukazu Hiraumi
16 Regenerative Medicine in Cochlear Implantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Norio Yamamoto
17 Artificial Cochlear Epithelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Takayuki Nakagawa and Satoyuki Kawano
18 Auditory Brainstem Implant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Hiroshi Yamazaki
Part IV Hair Cell Regeneration
19 Hair Cell Regeneration in the Avian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Tomoko Kita
20 Self-Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Akiko Taura and Takayuki Nakagawa
21 Transdifferentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Norio Yamamoto
22 Dedifferentiation-Mediated Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Koji Nishimura and Takayuki Nakagawa
23 Gene Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Akiko Taura
24 Cell Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Takayuki Okano
Part V Spiral Ganglion Neuron Regeneration
25 Clinical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Harukazu Hiraumi
26 SGN Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Koji Nishimura and Norio Yamamoto
27 Gene Therapy for Regeneration and Preservation
of Spiral Ganglion Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Hiroshi Yamazaki and Takayuki Nakagawa
28 Cell Therapy for Regeneration of Spinal Ganglion
Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Tetsuji Sekiya and Masaaki Ishikawa
29 Afferent Dendrite and Axon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Takayuki Nakagawa
Part VI Stem Cells
30 Inner Ear Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Mirei Taniguchi and Norio Yamamoto
31 Pluripotent Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Tatsunori Sakamoto, Koji Nishimura, Hiroe Ohnishi,
and Takehiro Iki
32 Somatic Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Takayuki Nakagawa
Part VII Future Perspective
33 Regenerative Medicine for the Inner Ear: Summary . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Juichi Ito
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