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In just under three decades, the world has witnessed an enormous rise in obesity with a parallel growth in cardiometabolic disease risk factors characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, together known as the metabolic syndrome - conditions previously unheard of in children and adolescents. During this time, we have little knowledge of the global and cumulative detrimental health effects of childhood obesity. As obese children age, not only will their health be negatively affected, but infertility and pregnancy complications associated with the metabolic syndrome will affect generations to come. The work force will undoubtedly be affected because of increased sick days and decreased work productivity.
Identifying children and adolescents at the earliest stages of chronic disease onset should be the goal of clinical practice, yet there is no clear guidance for defining the risk of metabolic syndrome or appropriate risk-factor thresholds in these groups. If children are identified early in the disease process, lifestyle and clinical interventions can be instituted when they are potentially more effective.
Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues approaches the pediatric metabolic syndrome by elucidating its effects on specific organ systems and by considering the problem through understanding the social, psychological and economic consequences of it. The Editors have recruited an invited group of esteemed experts in the field to provide the most timely and informative approaches on how to deal with this health crisis. Through educating our practitioners, our future researchers, our health and community organizations, our legislators and our families and children, we have the best chance at improving the health trajectory of the next generation.
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Contents
1 Why Should We Write a Book on Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome?
Commentaries from Worldwide Experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Arthur S. Agatston, Shari Barkin, Gerald S. Berenson,
Stephen R. Daniels, Tia Diaz-Balart, Matthew W. Gillman,
Joel Edward Lavine, Brian W. McCrindle, Andrew N. Redington,
Ralph L. Sacco, Donna E. Shalala, Julia Steinberger,
Leonardo Trasande, Ann M. Veneman, and Michael L. Weitzman
2 Epidemiology of the Metabolic Syndrome in Youth:
A Population-to-Clinical-Based Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Sarah E. Messiah, Kristopher L. Arheart,
and James D. Wilkinson
3 Perinatal Epidemiology of Metabolic Syndrome
Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Barbara Luke and Mary L. Hediger
4 Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood as a Risk Factor
for Type 2 Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Nicola Santoro, Cosimo Giannini, and Sonia Caprio
5 Effects of Metabolic Syndrome on Atherosclerosis
in Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Muhammad Yasir Qureshi, Sarah E. Messiah, Tracie L. Miller,
and Steven E. Lipshultz
6 Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Carolyn L. Abitbol and Wacharee Seeherunvong
7 Metabolic Syndrome and Related Liver Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Aymin Delgado-Borrego
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8 The Relationship Between Asthma, Sleep Apnea,
and Other Respiratory Disorders and Childhood
Metabolic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Erick Forno and Annabelle Quizon
9 The Relationship Between Components of the Metabolic
Syndrome and Bone Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Zeina M. Nabhan and Linda A. DiMeglio
10 The Relationship of Childhood Obesity with Cardiomyopathy
and Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Muhammad Yasir Qureshi, James D. Wilkinson,
and Steven E. Lipshultz
11 Childhood Metabolic Syndrome and Cancer Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Stefanie R. Brown and Steven E. Lipshultz
12 Neurocognitive and Psychological Correlates
of Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Anna Maria Patino-Fernandez, Amber Daigre,
and Alan M. Delamater
13 Genomics of Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Evadnie Rampersaud and Maria A. Ciliberti
14 Physical Activity Assessment and Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Gabriel Somarriba
15 Nutritional Evaluation and Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Runa Diwadkar Watkins, Daniela Neri, and Tracie L. Miller
16 Pharmacological Therapies of Metabolic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Adriana Carrillo-Iregui and Carley Gomez-Meade
17 Bariatric Surgery to Reverse Metabolic Syndrome
in Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Noor Kassira, Valerie Ann Marks, and Nestor de la Cruz-Muñoz
18 Moving Clinic- and Community-Based Practice into Policy
to Address Child Healthy Weight (and Vice Versa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Danielle Hollar, T. Lucas Hollar, and Michelle A. Lombardo
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
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