vii
Part I Diseases That Affect the Brain
1 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis 3
Gulay Alper
2 Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy Mimicking ADEM 11
Gulay Alper
3 Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Manifesting with Primary
Psychiatric Symptoms 17
Stuart Tomko and Timothy E. Lotze
4 Multiple Sclerosis in the Extremely Young 23
Y. Daisy Tang and Vikram V. Bhise
5 Breakthrough Disease in Pediatric MS 29
Yulia Y. Orlova, Robert I. Thompson-Stone, and Vikram V. Bhise
6 Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
with Neuropsychiatric Presentation 41
Timothy E. Lotze and Elizabeth A. McQuade
7 Pediatric Tumefactive Demyelination 55
Michael A. Lopez and Timothy E. Lotze
8 Radiologically Isolated Syndrome 61
Katherine DeStefano and Naila Makhani
9 Anti-glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Limbic Encephalitis 67
Robert Rudock, Jason Helis, and Soe S. Mar
10 Anti-NMDA Receptor Antibody Encephalitis 75
Tristan T. Sands, Katherine Kedzierski, and Naila Makhani
11 Pediatric Central Nervous System Vasculitis 83
Jennifer P. Rubin
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12 Neuroinflammatory Disease in Association
with Morphea (Localized Scleroderma) 91
E. Ann Yeh and Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
13 Susac’s Syndrome 97
Adam D. Wallace and Teri L. Schreiner
14 Infectious Mimics of Multiple Sclerosis 105
Jennifer Martelle Tu and Emmanuelle Waubant
15 Central Nervous System Lymphoma 115
Bittu Majmudar and Soe S. Mar
16 Methotrexate Toxicity 121
Juan Ramos Canseco and Vikram V. Bhise
17 Alexander Disease Type II 129
Parisa Sabetrasekh, Gulay Alper, and Adeline Vanderver
18 Neurodegenerative Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 137
Sonika Agarwal and Timothy E. Lotze
19 X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy 143
Joshua J. Bear
20 Rapid-Onset Obesity with Hypothalamic Dysfunction,
Hypoventilation, and Autonomic Dysregulation (ROHHAD) 159
Geetanjali Singh Rathore, Robert I. Thompson-Stone, and Leslie
Benson
21 ADEM Mimic with Thiamine Transporter Deficiency 165
Rebecca L. Holt and Keith Van Haren
Part II Diseases That Affect the Brainstem
22 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis:
Brainstem and Cerebellar Presentation 173
Gulay Alper
23 Multiple Sclerosis with Brainstem Presentation 181
William Hong, Carla Francisco, and Timothy E. Lotze
24 Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
with Brainstem Presentation 189
Sona Narula and Amy T. Waldman
25 Infection Mimics with Brainstem Presentation 195
Dana Marafi and Timothy E. Lotze
26 Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation with Pontine
Perivascular Enhancement Responsive to Steroids 201
Jason S. Gill and Timothy E. Lotze
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Part III Diseases That Affect the Spinal Cord
27 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
with Spinal Cord Presentation 209
Hsiao-Tuan Chao, Kimberly M. Houck, and Timothy E. Lotze
28 Post-infectious Acute Transverse Myelitis 215
Anusha K. Yeshokumar and Emmanuelle Waubant
29 Complete Transverse Myelitis (Idiopathic) 225
Sita Paudel and Jayne M. Ness
30 Transverse Myelitis with Acute Inflammatory
Polyradiculoneuropathy 233
Aaron L. Cardon and Timothy E. Lotze
31 Acute Flaccid Myelitis 241
Stephanie Morris, Young-Min Kim, Emmanuelle Waubant, Keith
Van Haren, and Soe S. Mar
32 Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disease
with Transverse Myelitis Presentation 251
Wendy Vargas, Carlos Quintanilla Bordás, Carla Francisco, and
Emmanuelle Waubant
33 Transverse Myelitis in Lupus 261
Maryam Nabavi Nouri and E. Ann Yeh
34 Acute Demyelination Associated with TNF-Alpha
Inhibiting Biologic Therapy 271
Ian Ferguson, Gulay Alper, Sara Vila Bedmar, Jennifer S. Graves,
and Emmanuelle Waubant
35 Myelopathy Due to Occult Trauma Mimicking
Transverse Myelitis 279
Carlos Quintanilla Bordás, Bardia Nourbakhsh, and Emmanuelle
Waubant
36 Hypomyelination with Brainstem and Spinal Cord
Abnormalities and Leg Spasticity (HBSL) 285
Nicole Ulrick and Adeline Vanderver
Part IV Diseases That Affect the Optic Nerve
37 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Followed
by Recurrent or Monophasic Optic Neuritis 293
Amy T. Waldman
38 Chronic Relapsing Inflammatory Optic Neuropathy (CRION) 301
Seanna Grob, Gena Heidary, and Leslie Benson
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39 Optic Neuritis as the Presenting Symptom for MS 309
Dorlyne M. Brchan and Teri L. Schreiner
40 Steroid-Dependent Recurrent Optic Neuritis
in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis 315
Hardeep Chohan, Emmanuelle Waubant, and Jennifer S. Graves
41 Neuromyelitis Optica Presenting with Bilateral
Optic Neuritis 321
Carla Francisco and Emmanuelle Waubant
42 Sarcoidosis with Optic Nerve Presentation 331
Sabrina Gmuca, Pamela F. Weiss, and Amy T. Waldman
Index  341
Contents