Diet and Nutrition in Neurological Disorders: 1. Neurological disorders in the context of the global burden of disease Rajkumar Rajendram, Vinood B. Patel, and Victor R. Preedy

Part I - Alzheimer’s disease and dementias2. Lifestyle modifications and nutrition in Alzheimer’s disease Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jayapriya Mishra, Abhishek Sehrawat, Eva Sharma, Rubal Kanozia, Umashanker Navik, P. Hemachandra Reddy, and Jasvinder Singh Bhatti3. The Gut microbiota and Alzheimer’s disease Mónica Morales, Daniel Cuervo-Zanatta, Julieta Hernandez-Acosta, Marina Chacón, Vicente Sánchez-Valle, and Claudia Perez-Cruz4. The Mediterranean diet: Unsaturated fatty acids and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease José A. Estrada and Irazú Contreras5. Malnutrition and early-stage Alzheimer’s disease Sameer Chaudhary, Sapana Chaudhary, Sakshi Rawat, and Jayashri Prasanan

Part II - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis6. Hydration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Adriana Leico Oda and Cristina C.S. Salvioni7. Diet, disease severity, and energy expenditure in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Zoe Castles, Lauren Buckett, Leanne Jiang, Frederik J. Steyn, and Shyuan T. Ngo8. Nutrition, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and ALS Michele Barone and Isabella Laura Simone9. Fatty acid profiling in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Minic Rajna, Stevic Zorica, and Arsic Aleksandra

Part III - Brain injury10. High-fat diets in traumatic brain injury: A ketogenic diet resolves what the western diet messes up: Neuroinflammation and beyond Nour-Mounira Z. Bakkar, Stanley Ibeh, Ibrahim Alzaim, Ahmed F. El-Yazbi, and Firas Kobeissy11. Brain injury, anthropometry, and nutrition Sivashanmugam Dhandapani and Manju Dhandapani12. Calorie and protein intake in traumatic brain injury patients Mohd Ibrahim Abdullah and Aryati Ahmad13. Lipids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and traumatic brain injuryBatoul Darwish, Carla El-Mallah, Firas Kobeissy, Wassim Abou-Kheir, and Farah Chamaa14. Brain trauma, ketogenic diets, ketogenesis, and via enteral nutrition Hayden White and Aaron Heffernan

Part IV - Cerebral palsy15. Nutrition and cerebral palsyEsma Keles Alp16. Metabolic syndrome in adult cerebral palsy: Implications for diet Elizabeth Terhune, Alex Tagawa, James Carollo, and Patricia C. Heyn17. Gut microbiota characteristics in children with cerebral palsy Yinhu Li and Shuai Cheng Li18. Swallowing problems: Major components of nutritional deficits in adults with cerebral palsy You Gyoung Yi

Part V - Dietary neurotoxins19. Dietary neurotoxins: An overview Ojaskumar D. Agrawal and Yogesh A. Kulkarni20. Alcohol consumption induces oxidative damage, neuronal injury, and synaptic impairment: Consequences for our brain health Margrethe A. Olesen and Rodrigo A. Quintanilla21. Dietary effects of lead as a neurotoxicant Ericka Cabañas, George B. Cruz, Michelle A. Vasquez, Jewel N. Joseph, Evan G. Clarke, Asma Iqbal, Bright U. Emenike, Wei Zhu, Patrick Cadet, Narmin Mekawy, Abdeslem El Idrissi, Morri E. Markowitz, and Lorenz S. Neuwirth22. Environmental toxicants (OPs and heavy metals) in the diet: What are their repercussions on behavioral/neurological systems?Caridad López-Granero, Michael Aschner, and Fernando Sánchez-Santed

Part VI – Epilepsy23. Hypercholesterolemic diet and status epilepticus Romildo de Albuquerque Nogueira, Edbhergue Ventura Lola Costa, Jeine Emanuele Santos da Silva, and Daniella Tavares Pessoa24. Low glycemic index therapy: What it is and how it compares to other epilepsy diets Vishal Sondhi and Sheffali Gulati25. Ketogenic diet in pediatric epilepsies Mario Mastrangelo, Dario Esposito, Sabrina De Leo, and Federica Gigliotti

Part VII - Headaches and migraines26. The value of fruit and vegetable consumption in pediatric migraine Soodeh Razeghi Jahromi, Shadi Ariyanfar, Pegah Rafiee, and Mansoureh Togha27. Dietary trigger factors of migraine Mei-Ling Sharon Tai

Part VIII - Multiple sclerosis28. Diet and nutrition in multiple sclerosis management Rabie Khattab and Yasmin Algindan29. Dietary fish intake and multiple sclerosis: A new narrative Sama Bitarafan, Mohammad Hossein Harirchian, Payam Farahbakhsh, and Danesh Soltani30. Linking diet, gut microbiota, and multiple sclerosis Sama Bitarafan, Mohammad Hossein Harirchian, Payam Farahbakhsh, and Danesh Soltani31. Restoration of myelination in the central nervous system via specific dietary bioactive lipids: An opportunity to halt disease progression in multiple sclerosis Liam Graneri, John Mamo, Ryusuke Takechi, and Virginie Lam

Part IX - Neuroinflammation32. Effect of diet and nutrition on neuroinflammation: An overview Manisha J. Oza, Anil B. Gaikwad, and Yogesh A. Kulkarni33. High-fat diet-induced cellular neuroinflammation: Alteration of brain functions and associated alimentsMohit D. Umare, Komal K. Bajaj, Nitu L. Wankhede, Brijesh G. Taksande, Aman B. Upaganlawar, Milind J. Umekar, and Mayur B. Kale34. Neural implications of a high-fructose diet Alix H. Kloster, Emilie L. Bjerring, and Gretchen N. Neigh

Part X - Parkinson’s disease35. Role of mediterranean diet in Parkinson’s disease Mohannad A. Almikhlafi, Badrah Alghamdi, and Ghulam Md Ashraf36. Role of dietary antioxidants and redox status in Parkinson’s disease Reza Amani and Sanaz Mehrabani37. Beverages, caffeine, and Parkinson’s disease Axel Meyer Simonsen, Charalampos Tzoulis, and Karl Bjørnar Alstadhaug38. The association of diet and its components with changes in gut microbiota and improvement in Parkinson’s disease Abdolreza Norouzy, Maryam Mohamadinarab, and Hamed Mirzaei Ghazi Kalayeh

Part XI - Peripheral neuropathy39. Alcohol-related autonomic dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy Andreas Liampas, Thomas Henry Julian, and Panagiotis Zis40. Dietary saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and peripheral neuropathyMasha G. Savelieff, Bhumsoo Kim, Amy E. Rumora, and Eva L. Feldman41. Caloric restriction as a nutrition strategy in counteracting peripheral neuropathies Sara Marinelli

Part XII - Prenatal effects and neurodevelopment42. The interplay between stress and nutrition during pregnancy: Influence on fetal brain development Nitu L. Wankhede, Mohit D. Umare, Komal K. Bajaj, Mayur B. Kale, Vaibhav S. Marde, Brijesh G. Taksande, Milind J. Umekar, and Aman B. Upaganlawar43. Maternal and neonatal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and risk of neurodevelopmental impairment in premature infantsRory J. Heath, Susanna Klevebro, and Thomas R. Wood44. Early nutrition, growth, and neurodevelopment in the preterm infant Barbara Cormack and Frank Bloomfield45. Breast milk and cognitive performance in children Kamini Dangat and Sadhana Joshi46. Effects of ketogenic diets and ketone supplementation on the nervous system during development: Applications to autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia Calogero Longhitano, Ann-Katrin Kraeuter, Shaileigh Gordon, and Zoltan Sarnyai

Part XIII - Stroke47. Fluids, energy intake, and stroke Alex Buoite Stella, Marina Gaio, and Paolo Manganotti48. Cachexia after stroke Nadja Scherbakov and Wolfram Doehner49. Linking stroke and dietary pattern: An Indian perspective Sandhya Manorenj and Reshma Sultana Shaik50. Dietary lipids: The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on stroke-related neuronal damage Kazuo Yamagata51. Diet quality and stroke Mitchell Wilson and Jennifer L. Dearborn-Tomazos52. Recommended resources for diet and nutrition in neurological disorders Rajkumar Rajendram, Vinood B. Patel, and Victor R. Preedy

Vitamins and Minerals in Neurological Disorders: 1. Vitamins and minerals in the context of reference values and requirements Rajkumar Rajendram, Vinood B. Patel, and Victor R. Preedy

Part I - Alzheimer’s disease and dementias2. a-Tocopherol for Alzheimer’s disease Nehad M. Ayoub, Raida W. Khalil, and Amal Kaddoumi3. Cognitive impairment and micronutrients: Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine and implications for dementiaGianluca Rizzo and Angela Marino4. Magnesium and Alzheimer’s disease Dènahin Hinnoutondji Toffa and Jimmy Li5. Copper, oxidative stress, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia Rosanna Squitti, Mauro Ciro Antonio Rongioletti, and Gianfranco Liguri6. Chromium and Alzheimer’s disease Ansab Akhtar and Sangeeta Pilkhwal Sah

Part II - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis7. Riboflavin and lower motor neuron diseasesYann Nadjar and Gorka Fernandez

Part III - Brain injury8. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) in brain injury Stefan W. Leichtle, Sulaiman Al Mohaish, Melissa Sandler, Vishal Yajnik, Dennis J. Rivet, II, Markos Kashiouris, Alpha A. (Berry) Fowler, III, and Gretchen M. Brophy9. Antioxidants in brain injury with or without antibiotics Santanu Kaity and Anoop Kumar10. Vitamin D and traumatic brain injury Ajay Choudhary, Ashok Kumar, Aakanksha Choudhary, and Kaviraj Kaushik11. Zinc and traumatic brain injury Sydney M.A. Juan, Maria Daglas, Phan H. Truong, and Paul A. Adlard

Part IV - Cerebral palsy12. Cerebral palsy: Evaluating vitamin D levels Marcela Almeida Linden and Maria Angela Bellomo-Brandão

Part V - Dietary neurotoxins13. Linking copper and neurotoxic activities Gesivaldo Santos, Marcos Avila-Rodriguez, Érika Pereira Rubio, Eduardo Galembeck, and Julita Maria Pereira Borges

Part VI - Epilepsy14. Epilepsy-derived neurodegeneration and vitamin E Rita Marinelli, Desirée Bartolin, Michele Betti, Anna Migni, Linda Zatini, Giada Marcantonini, Mario Rende, and Francesco Galli15. Selenium use in epilepsy Haitham S. Mohammed16. Reduced vitamin C and minerals in epilepsy Md. Abdul Aziz and Mohammad Safiqul Islam17. Thiamine, transporters, and epilepsySunita Bijarnia-Mahay, Arushi Gahlot Saini, and Harjit Singh Mahay

Part VII - Headaches and migraines18. Riboflavin usage in pediatric migraine Gaku Yamanaka19. Vitamin B12, folate, and migraine Ioannis Liampas, Vasileios Siokas, Christos Bakirtzis, and Efthimios Dardiotis20. Vitamin D and migraineParisa Gazerani

Part VIII - Multiple sclerosis21. Iron, zinc, and multiple sclerosis patients Alaa Matar and Jamilah Borja22. Considerations on vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis Joost Smolders and Jan Damoiseaux

Part IX - Neuroinflammation23. Neuroinflammation: Role of magnesium Renu Agarwal and Igor Iezhitsa24. Vitamin B12 as a neuroprotectant in neuroinflammation Larissa Marcely Gomes Cassiano, Marina da Silva Oliveira, and Roney Santos Coimbra25. Vitamin D3 (VD3) effects on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders: Focus on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases Iana Bantim Felício Calou, Debora Estadella, Daniel Araki Ribeiro, Milena de Barros Viana, and Glauce Socorro de Barros Viana26. Vitamin C and neuroinflammation Amanda L. Marino, David C. Consoli, and Fiona E. Harrison27. Vitamin A and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on neuroinflammatory changes in the brain Saritha S. Nair, S.H. Priyanka, and M. Indira28. Fluoride excess and neuroinflammation Lomas Kumar Tomar, Charu Tyagi, Namrata Dudha, Yugandhar P. Reddy, and Varun Kumar Sharma

Part X - Parkinson’s disease29. Vitamin D and Parkinson’s disease Valeria C. Gonçalves, Fulvio A. Scorza, Antônio-Carlos G. de Almeida, and Carla A. Scorza30. Tocotrienols and Parkinson’s disease: In vitro and in vivo modeling Tatsuya Matsura, Kazuhiro Nakaso, and Yosuke Horikoshi31. B vitamins: Pyridoxal phosphate and parkinsonism Olakunle J. Onaolapo and Adejoke Y. Onaolapo32. Antioxidant vitamins in Parkinson’s disease: Vitamins A, C, E Ariel F. Ying and Woon-Puay Koh33. Role of calcium in Parkinson’s disease Kiarash Saleki and Payam Saadat34. Micronutrient levels in Parkinson’s disease Sakineh Shab-Bidar and Ahmad Jayedi35. Genes and dietary metals in Parkinson’s disease Shiek Fareeth Ahmed, Jency Roshni, S. Mahima, and V. Janakiraman

Part XI - Peripheral neuropathy36. Vitamin D levels and diabetic peripheral neuropathy Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon, Angela, Vanessa Veronica, Febrina Eva Susanto, and Andryawan Wahyu Pradana37. B vitamins on the nervous system: A focus on peripheral neuropathy Ana María Páez-Hurtado, Maria Camila Cortes-Albornoz, Diego Alejandro Rodríguez-Gomez, Carlos Calderón-Ospina, and Mauricio Orlando Nava-Mesa

Part XII - Prenatal effects and neurodevelopment38. Dietary B-vitamin deficiencies and maternal oversupplementation on neurodevelopment: An updated narrativeMcCoy Clementson, Jesse Jauhal, and Nafisa M. Jadavji39. Essential trace elements in neurodevelopment: An updated narrative Anatoly Skalny, Lyubov Chernova, and Anastasia Skalnaya40. Gestational folic acid in neuronal development of the hypothalamus Gerald Harvey Anderson, Emanuela Pannia, Rola Hammoud, Neil Victor Yang, and Ruslan Kubant

Part XIII - Stroke41. Vitamin B12, hyperhomocysteinemia, and stroke J. David Spence42. Sodium and stroke Ahmad Jayedi and Sakineh Shab-Bidar43. Calcium intake and the risk of stroke Daniel T. Dibaba and Ka Kahe44. Recommended resources for the study and investigation of vitamins and minerals in neurological disorders Rajkumar Rajendram, Vinood B. Patel, and Victor R. Preedy

Treatments, Nutraceuticals, Supplements and Herbal Medicine in Neurological Disorders: Part I - Alzheimer’s disease and dementias1. Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.): Applications to Alzheimer’s disease and dementiasLeticia Priscilla Arantes, Daniele Coradini Zamberlan, Marina Lopes Machado, and Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares2. Herbs for Alzheimer’s disease management; clinical studies: A narrative Narjes Gorji, Reihaneh Moeini, and Zahra Memariani3. Reducing neurodegeneration and oxidative damage in Alzheimer’s disease: Role of the Nrf2 pathway activation by natural compounds Francisca Villavicencio-Tejo and Rodrigo A. Quintanilla4. Alzheimer’s disease and green coffee bean extract Nahla Nabil Younis and Rana Gamal Eissa5. Callistemon viminalis and protection in Alzheimer’s disease Yash Prashar and Mandeep Singh6. Herbs for Alzheimer’s disease management—Preclinical studies: A narrative Narjes Gorji, Reihaneh Moeini, and Zahra Memariani7. Allicin as nutraceutical usage in Alzheimer’s disease Shivani Chib, Bhaskar Jyoti Dutta, Sudhanshu, Khadga Raj, and Shamsher Singh

Part II - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis8. Rutin and its application to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis UmaMaheswari Krishnan and Banudevi Sivanantham9. Kaempferol and kaempferide and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis E Srinivasan, G Chandrasekhar, and R Rajasekaran

Part III - Brain injury10. French maritime pine bark extract and neurological disorders Mahsa Malekahmadi and Abdolreza Norouzy11. Angong Niuhuang pill could be an effective medicinal agent for stroke treatment Jiangang Shen, Hansen Chen, Shuang Chen, Bun Tsoi, and Suhua Qi12. Polyphenols as therapeutic interventions against cerebral ischemic injuryUma Maheswari Krishnan, Akhilasree Karthikeyan, and Sathyasivam Kaviarasi13. Chinese herbal medicine in brain injury and other neurological disorders Liu Zhike, Angela SM Hung, Erik CH Ko, Johnny CM Koon, and Leung Ping-Chung

Part IV - Dietary neurotoxins14. Protection by Coriandrum sativum against mercury neurotoxicity Barbarella de Matos Macchi, Fábio Rodrigues de Oliveira, Mois 15. Taurine in symptom amelioration and recovery in lead induced neurotoxicity Lorenz S. Neuwirth and Bright U. Emenike16. Omega-3 fatty acid as a protectant in lead-induced neurotoxicity Pramod Kumar Singh, Manish Kumar Gupta, and Rajendra Nath

Part V – Epilepsy17. Dietary flavonoids and management of epilepsy Damanpreet Singh18. Magnesium supplemental therapy in epileptogenesis and ictogenesis Jimmy Li and Dènahin Hinnoutondji Toffa19. Curcumin usage in epilepsy Chandra Prakash and Deepak Sharma20. Triheptanoin as a nutraceutical and its potential use in epilepsy Giovanna Testa, Mario Costa, and Marco Mainardi

Part VI - Headaches and migraines21. Dietary supplementation in migraine: A focus on omega-3 fatty acids Fahimeh Martami and Sakineh Shab-Bidar22. Headaches, migraine, and herbal medicine Tzu-Hsuan Wei and Ching-Liang Hsieh23. Magnesium and migraine Lidia Savi

Part VII - Multiple sclerosis24. Betaine as a neuroprotective therapy in multiple sclerosis Sarah Sternbach and Jennifer McDonough25. Natural products and their bioactive compounds in multiple sclerosis Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Harsh Vikram Singh, Eva Sharma, Abhishek Sehrawat, Jayapriya Mishra, Umashanker Navik, P. Hemachandra Reddy, and Jasvinder Singh Bhatti26. The crocin usage in multiple sclerosis Rezvan Heidarimoghadam and Akram Ranjbar

Part VIII – Neuroinflammation27. The potential role of herbal medicine and nutraceutical in neuroinflammatory disorders: A mechanistic insight via multisignaling cascades Adnan Khan, Bushra Shal, Ashrafullah Khan, Hussain Ali, and Salman Khan28. Arbutin as a natural soluble glycosylated phenol and usage in neuroinflammation Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman, Hanie Yavarpour Bali, and Sadaf Abdi29. Plant-based oils used to treat neuroinflammation Priya Madhavan and Shantini Vijayabalan30. Antineuroinflammatory potentials of Clinacanthus nutans leaf Intan Safinar Ismail and Amalina Ahmad Azam31. Nutraceuticals and bioactive components of herbal extract in the treatment and prevention of neurological disorders Chandana Choudhury Barua, Daisy Sharma, Ph. Vivekanandini Devi, Jasmin Islam, Birinchi Bora, and Radali Duarah32. Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on neuroinflammation Vipin V. Dhote, Vaishali A. Kilor, Muthu Kumaradoss Mohan Maruga Raja, Ashish Singhai, Avinash Singh Mandloi, and Aman B. Upaganlawar33. Neuroprotective potential of quercetin as a nutraceutical targeting fused neuroinflammation in neurological disease Ayansh Kaushik, Kanupriya Chauhan, and Shamsher Singh

Part IX - Parkinson’s disease34. Prebiotics and probiotics and Parkinson’s disease Reza Amani and Sanaz Mehrabani35. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and its use in Parkinson’s disease Abril Ramírez-Higuera, Carolina Peña-Montes, Alejandra Barroso-Hernández, Óscar López-Franco, and Rosa María Oliart-Ros36. The flavone chrysin and usage in Parkinson’s disease Ankita Murmu, Alagudurai Krishnamoorthy, and Murugan Sevanan37. Blackberry (Morus nigra) usage in Parkinson’s disease Yasir Hasan Siddique, Gulshan Ara, and Falaq Naz

Part X - Peripheral neuropathy38. Use of coumarin osthole in peripheral neuropathy Lovedeep Singh and Rajbir Bhatti39. Therapeutic benefits of phenolic acids in peripheral neuropathy Shubhangi H. Pawar, Aman B. Upganlawar, and Chandrashekhar D. Upasani40. Resveratrol as a potential therapeutic molecule against neuropathy: A new narrative Irshad Ahmad, Rukkumani Rajagopalan, Abhijit Dey, and Muddasarul Hoda41. Nutrition and neurological disorders Prerna Sharma, Aishwarya Gangwar, Nidhi Rani, and Randhir Singh42. Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala fruit on neuropathy Wathita Phachonpai, Terdthai Tongun, and Jintanaporn Wattanathorn

Part XI - Prenatal effects and neurodevelopment43. Nutritional supplementation for the prevention and treatment of neonatal brain injury: Breast milk and beyond Myrna J.V. Brandt, Cora H. Nijboer, Ruurd M. van Elburg, Manon J.N.L. Benders, and Caroline G.M. de Theije44. Maternal naringenin supplementation during pregnancy disrupts the redox status in the developing rats’ brainBernardo Gindri dos Santos, Pauline Maciel August, and Cristiane Matté45. Tryptophan as a supplement in cerebral palsy Diego Cabral Lacerda, Diego Bulcão Visco, and Ana Elisa Toscano46. Centella asiatica and protection in neurodevelopment Ganaraja Bolumbu and K.V. Mitha

Part XII – Stroke47. Genistein and its use as a neuroprotective agent in stroke Anthony Oppong-Gyebi and Derek A. Schreihofer48. Leucine-enriched amino acid supplement and use in stroke Takashi Ikeda and Nobuo Morotomi49. Arginine and neuroprotection: A focus on stroke Yasutoshi Koga50. Isoflavones as nutraceuticals in stroke: Therapeutic targets and signaling pathways M Ram Pravin Kumar, C Vijayalakshmi, and M Ramanathan51. Trigonelline and its uses in stroke Chandana Kambalapally, Pramod Kumar Suthar, Priti Patale, Smreeti Dhiman, Vishal Gupta, Vrushali Thongire, Deepaneeta Sarmah, Aishika Datta, Kiran Kalia, and Pallab Bhattacharya

Part XIII - Resources52. Recommended resources for studying nutraceuticals, botanical medicine, and neurological disorders Rajkumar Rajendram, Vinood B. Patel, and Victor R. Preedy