Contents

Part I Pathologies of Spinal Cord Injury
1 The Mechanism Behind Functional Recovery
After the Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury.............................................. 3
Seiji Okada
2 Microenvironment Within the Injured Spinal Cord
Focusing on IL-6...................................................................................... 11
Masaya Nakamura
3 Autophagy in Spinal Cord Injury: Pathogenic Roles
and Therapeutic Implications................................................................. 19
Haruo Kanno and Hiroshi Ozawa
4 The Role of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response
in Neural Apoptosis of the Injured Spinal Cord................................... 31
Masahiko Watanabe, Hiroyuki Katoh, Masahiro Kuroiwa,
Takeshi Imai, Kaori Suyama, Daisuke Matsuyama,
and Joji Mochida
5 Roles of Microglia in Spinal Cord Injury.............................................. 43
Tadanori Ogata, Tadao Morino, Hideki Horiuchi,
and Hiromasa Miura
Part II Pathologies of Chronic Compressive Spinal Cord
6 Biomechanics of the Spinal Cord and the Pia Mater........................... 61
Hiroshi Ozawa, Takeo Matsumoto, Toshiro Ohashi,
and Masaaki Sato

7 Biomechanical Analysis of Compressive Myelopathy:
The Influence of Morthometry of the Spinal Cord............................... 75
Norihiro Nishida, Tsukasa Kanchiku, and Toshihiko Taguchi
8 Morphologic Change and Glial Response
to Unilateral Spinal Cord Compression................................................. 83
Hiroshi Ozawa and Jianwu Zhao
9 Morphological Changes in Anterior Horn Cells,
Immunoreactivity to Neurotrophic Factors,
and Neuronal Cell Death of Spinal Cord Lesions
in the Spinal Hyperostotic Mouse (twy/twy)
with Chronic Mechanical Cord Compression....................................... 97
Kenzo Uchida, Hideaki Nakajima, Shoei Furukawa,
Tomoo Inukai, Yasuhisa Maezawa, and Hisatoshi Baba
10 In Vivo Tracing of Neural Tracts in Tiptoe-Walking
Yoshimura Mice by Diffusion Tensor Tractography............................ 107
Morito Takano, Yuji Komaki, Keigo Hikishima,
Tsunehiko Konomi, Kanehiro Fujiyoshi, Osahiko Tsuji,
Hideyuki Okano, Yoshiaki Toyama, and Masaya Nakamura
11 Microarray Analysis of Expression of Cell Death-Associated
Genes in Spinal Cord Cells with Cyclic Tensile Strain......................... 119
Kenzo Uchida, Hideaki Nakajima, Takayuki Hirai, Sally Roberts,
William E.B. Johnson, and Hisatoshi Baba
12 Spinal Kyphosis Causes Demyelination and Neuronal Loss
in the Spinal Cord.................................................................................... 129
Masaya Nakamura, Kentaro Shimizu, and Yoshiaki Toyama
Part III Neuroprotection
13 Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor-Mediated
Neuroprotective Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury................................ 141
Masao Koda, Takeo Furuya, Taigo Ianada, Koshiro Kamiya,
Mitsutoshi Ota, Satoshi Maki, Akihiko Okawa,
Kazuhisa Takahashi, and Masashi Yamazaki
14 Recombinant Human Hepatocyte Growth Factor
Promotes Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury................... 147
Kazuya Kitamura, Akio Iwanami, Kanehiro Fujiyoshi,
Jun-ichi Yamane, Keigo Hikishima, Hiroshi Funakoshi,
Toshikazu Nakamura, Masashi Aoki, Yoshiaki Toyama,
Hideyuki Okano, and Masaya Nakamura

15 The Proteoglycan-Degrading Enzymes Promote
Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury:
Keratan Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate.............................................. 169
Shiro Imagama, Zenya Ito, Kei Ando, Yukihiro Matsuyama,
Yoshihiro Nishida, and Naoki Ishiguro
16 Targeted Retrograde Gene Delivery into the Injured
Spinal Cord Using Recombinant Adenovirus Vector
Carrying Neurotrophic Factor Gene...................................................... 193
Hideaki Nakajima, Kenzo Uchida, Takafumi Yayama,
Kazuya Honjoh, Takumi Sakamoto, and Hisatoshi Baba
17 Blockade of Interleukin-6 Effects on Cytokine Profiles
and Macrophage Activation After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice.......... 203
Alexander Rodriguez Guerrero, Kenzo Uchida,
Hideaki Nakajima, Shuji Watanabe, Masaya Nakamura,
Seiji Okada, William E.B. Johnson, and Hisatoshi Baba
18 Oxidative Stress as Secondary Injury Mechanism
After Mechanical Trauma in the Spinal Cord...................................... 213
Shinsuke Katoh, Yoshitaka Hamada, and Takashi Chikawa
Part IV Transplantation
19 Regenerative Medicine for Spinal Cord Injury
Utilizing iPS Cells..................................................................................... 229
Osahiko Tsuji, Satoshi Nori, Yoshiomi Kobayashi,
Kanehiro Fujiyoshi, Hideyuki Okano, Yoshiaki Toyama,
and Masaya Nakamura
20 Transplantation of Neural Stem Cells with Valproate
for Spinal Cord Injury............................................................................. 247
Masahiko Abematsu and Kinichi Nakashima
21 The Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Transduced
Multineurotrophin to Improve Function Following
Spinal Cord Injury................................................................................... 255
Gentaro Kumagai and W. Dalton Dietrich
22 Axonal Regeneration Across an Artificial Scaffold
Combined with Cell Transplantation Applied
to the Transected Spinal Cord................................................................ 269
Mitsuhiro Enomoto, Madoka Ukegawa, Kazuyuki Fukushima,
Kush Bhatt, Yoshiaki Wakabayashi, and Atsushi Okawa

23 Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived
from Bone Marrow in the Injured Spinal Cord.................................... 283
Hideaki Nakajima, Kenzo Uchida, Alexander Rodriguez Guerrero,
Shuji Watanabe, Daisuke Sugita, Naoto Takeura, Ai Yoshida,
and Hisatoshi Baba
24 Vascular Regeneration Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury................... 295
Naosuke Kamei
Part V Clinical Relevance
25 Stress Distribution of the Spinal Cord and Clinical
Relevance in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy.................................... 311
Kohei Takahashi, Hiroshi Ozawa, Naoya Sakamoto, Yuka Minegishi,
Masaaki Sato, and Eiji Itoi
26 Applications and Limitations of pNF-H, a Novel Biomarker
for Spinal Cord Injury: Strategy for the Evaluation
of Therapeutic Outcomes........................................................................ 323
Toru Ogata, Kentaro Hayakawa, and Hirotaka Chikuda
27 Neuroprotective Therapy Using Granulocyte
Colony-Stimulating Factor for Acute Spinal Cord Injury:
A Multicenter Prospective Controlled Clinical Trial............................ 333
Masashi Yamazaki, Hiroshi Takahashi, Takeo Furuya,
and Masao Koda
28 Assessment of Injured Spinal Cord Using Diffusion
Tensor Tractography............................................................................... 345
Kanehiro Fujiyoshi, Tsunehiko Konomi, Osahiko Tsuji,
Masayuki Yamada, Keigo Hikishima, Suketaka Momoshima,
Hideyuki Okano, Yoshiaki Toyama, and Masaya Nakamura
29 Clinical Significance of 3D-MRI/18F-FDG PET Fusion Imaging
of Patients with Cervical Compressive Myelopathy............................. 367
Kenzo Uchida, Hideaki Nakajima, Hidehiko Okazawa,
Hirohiko Kimura, Ai Yoshida, and Hisatoshi Baba
30 Visualization of Electrophysiological Activity
in the Spinal Cord Using Magnetospinography.................................... 377
Shigenori Kawabata
31 Spinal Synaptic Plasticity in Chronic Pain............................................ 387
Wataru Taniguchi and Terumasa Nakatsuka
32 Evaluation of Pain with Functional Neuroimaging.............................. 399
Takahiro Ushida, Kazuhiro Shimo, and Tatsunori Ikemoto
Index.................................................................................................................. 413