Table of Contents:

1. BASIC REACTIONS

 

 

 

1. Cerebral Edema
2. Hydrocephalus
3. Herniations

 

1. DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

 

Neural Tube Defects

Holoprosencephaly

Posterior Fossa: Chiari Malformations

Cerebellar Vermis Malformations

Lhermitte-Duclos Disease

Neuronal Migration Defects

 

1. Malformations
2. Acquired Developmental Defects

Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage

Periventricular Leukomalacia

Gray Matter Lesions

Porencephaly

 

1. CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS

 

Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease

Hypertensive Cerebrovascular Disease: Ischemic Changes

Hypertensive Cerebrovascular Disease: Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Hypertensive Cerebrovascular Disease: Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)

 

Saccular ("Berry") Aneurysms

Fusiform Aneurysms

Infective ("Mycotic") Aneurysms

 

Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM)

Cavernous Angiomas (CA)

Capillary Telangiectasis

Venous Angioma

 

Giant Cell Arteritis

Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)

Primary CNS Angiitis

 

1. Cerebral Ischemia and Hypertensive Changes
2. Intracranial Aneurysms
3. Vascular Malformations
4. Vasculitis
5. Inherited Cerebrovascular Diseases

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Ateriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)

Moyamoya Syndrome

 

1. TRAUMA

 

Contusion/Laceration (Including Coup and Contra Coup Lesions)

Diffuse Axonal Injury (Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury)

 

1. Closed vs Open (Penetrating) Head Trauma
2. Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage

Epidural Hematoma

Subdural Hematoma

 

1. BRAIN TUMORS

 

Diffuse Astrocytoma

Anaplastic Astrocytoma

Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma Variants

 

Oligodendroglioma

Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma

Mixed Glioma (Oligosatrocytoma, Anaplastic Oligoastrocytoma)

Gliomatosis Cerebri

 

Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)

Pilocytic Astrocytoma

Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma

 

Ependymoma

Anaplastic Ependymoma

Myxopapillary Ependymoma

Subependymoma

 

Angiocentric Glioma

Chordoid Glioma

Astroblastoma

 

Choroid Plexus Papilloma

Choroid Plexus Carcinoma

 

Ganglion Cell Tumors

Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma/Ganglioglioma

Central Neurocytoma

Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET)

Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor

Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor of the Fourth Ventricle

 

Medulloblastoma

Central Nervous System - Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (CNS-PNET)

Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors (AT/RT)

 

Meningioma: Overview and General Characteristics

Meningioma: WHO Grade I Variants

Atypical Meningioma

Malignant (Anaplastic) Meningiomas

Hemangiopericytoma: Solitary Fibrous Tumor

 

Schwannoma

Neurofibroma

Perineurioma

Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST)

 

 

Pineocytoma

Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation

Pineoblastoma

Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region

 

Germinoma

Other Germ Cell Tumors

 

 

Pituitary adenomas

Pituicytoma

Cranopharyngioma

Rathke cleft cyst

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

 

 

 

 

1. Diffuse Gliomas-Astrocytic
2. Diffuse Gliomas-Oligdendroglial
3. Other Astrocytic Tumors
4. Ependymomas and Subependymoma
5. Tumors with Ependymal-like Features
6. Choroid Plexus Tumors
7. Neuronal and Glioneuronal Tumors
8. Embryonal (Primitive) Neuroepithelial Tumors
9. Meningiomas (Tumors of the Meninges)
10. Nerve Sheath Tumors
11. Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL)
12. Pineal Parenchymal Tumors
13. Germ Cell Tumors of the Central Nervous System
14. Hemangioblastoma
15. Sellar and Suprasellar Tumors
16. Primary Melanocytic Tumors of the Central Nervous System
17. Central Nervous System Cysts
18. Metastatic Brain Tumors
19. Tumors of the Skull Base

          Chordoma of Skull Base

          Chondrosarcoma of Skull Base

 

1. INFECTIOUS DISEASES

 

Acute Purulent Meningitis

Cerebral Bacterial Abscess

Nocardia/Actinomycetes Species

Mycobacterial Infection

Neurosyphilis

 

Cerebral Cryptococcosis

Aspergillosis

Mucormycosis

Candidiasis

 

Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

Cerebral Cystecercosis

Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis

Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis

Cerebral Malaria

 

General viral effects on the nervous system

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis

Rabies encephalitis

Arboviruses

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

 

Primary effects of HIV infection

HIV-Associated Vacuolar Myelopathy (HAM)

Opportunistic CNS Infections in AIDS

CNS Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (Neuro-IRIS)

 

1. Bacterial Infections
2. Mycoses
3. Parasitic Infections
4. Viral Infections
5. Neuropathology of AIDS
6. Prion Diseases

          Prion-related diseases (Overview)

          Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

          Other prion-related diseases

 

1. Neurodegenerative disorders

 

 

Corticobasal Degeneration (Rebeiz Disease)

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP: Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome)

Pick Disease

Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: Frontotemporal Dementia and Parkinsonism Linked to Chromosome 17 (FTDP-17)

 

 

Parkinson’s Disease

Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)

 

 

Huntington Disease

Autosomal Recessive Spinocerebellar Degeneration (Friedrich’s Ataxia)

Autosomal Dominant Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCA)

Fragile X Tremor / Ataxia Syndrome

 

Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1 (NBIA 1)

Other inherited neuroaxonal dystrophies

 

1. Alzheimer’s Disease
2. Frontotemporal Lobar Degenerations and Related Tauopathies
3. Frontotemporal Lobar Degenerations with Ubiquitin-Inclusions (FTLD-U/FTLD-MND (TDP-43)
4. Parkinson’s Disease and Related Alpha-Synucleinopathies
5. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
6. Triple-Repeat Inherited Neurodegenerations
7. Neuroaxonal Dystrophies
8. Vascular Dementia and Binswanger Disease

 

1. DEMYELINATING DISEASES

 

Multiple Sclerosis

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders

 

 

 

1. Multiple sclerosis
2. Acute Disseminated Leukoencephalitis
3. Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis (Hurst Disease)
4. Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions (TDL)

 

A. Toxic Injury

Toxic Leukoencephalopathy

Carbon monoxide

Ethanol-related injury (including superior vermis atrophy and central pontine myelinolysis)

Hepatic encephalopathy

B. Nutritional Diseases

Wernicke-Korsakoff disease

Subacute Combined Degeneration

C. Metabolic Diseases

Neuronal Storage Disease

Leukodystrophies

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis

Wilson Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)

Alexander disease

 

1. TOXIC, NUTRITIONAL, METABOLIC DISEASE s
2. Neuromuscular disorders

 

Basic reactions in peripheral nerve disorders

Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Neuropathies

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and related congenital neuropathies

 

1. Peripheral Nerve Disease
2. Skeletal Muscle Diseases

Essential Features: Myopathic versus Neurogenic Changes

Dermatomyositis

Polymyositis

Inclusion Body Myopathy and Myositis

Dystrophinopathies (Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy

Myotonic Dystrophies

Periodic Paralysis

Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies

Nemaline Myopathy

Central Core Disease

Pompe Disease

McArdle Disease

Mitochondiral Myopathies

Dettaglio

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