Contents
Chapter 1: Diseases of the Macula ................................................................................................................... 1
1. Drusen ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2. Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) ........................................................................................................................... 3
3. Myopic maculopathy ...................................................................................................................................................................16
4. Macular hole .................................................................................................................................................................................20
5. Central serous retinopathy.......................................................................................................................................................22
6. Retinal pigment epithelial detachment ...................................................................................................................................34
7. Cystoid macular edema .............................................................................................................................................................36
8. Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV) .........................................................................................................39
9. Parafoveal telangiectasia .............................................................................................................................................................41
10. Choroidal neovascular membrane (other than ARMD) ....................................................................................................44
11. Choroidal folds ............................................................................................................................................................................48
12. Choroidal rupture .......................................................................................................................................................................48
13. Macular hemorrahage .................................................................................................................................................................50
14. Commotio retinae (Berlin’s edema) .......................................................................................................................................50
15. Epimacular membrane (EMM) ..................................................................................................................................................51
Chapter 2: Retinal Vascular Diseases ........................................................................................................ 53
1. Arterial occlusions ......................................................................................................................................................................53
2. Venous occlusions .......................................................................................................................................................................58
3. Hypertensive retinopathy ..........................................................................................................................................................68
4. Diabetic retinopathy ...................................................................................................................................................................70
5. Coats’ disease ...............................................................................................................................................................................81
Chapter 3: Inflammations ............................................................................................................................ 83
1. Acute multifocal posterior pigment epitheliopathy (AMPPE) ..........................................................................................83
2. Acute multifocal choroiditis ......................................................................................................................................................85
3. Geographic helicoids peripapillary choroidopathy (GHPC) .............................................................................................86
4. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis .................................................................................................................................................89
5. Eales’ disease (Periphlebitis retinae) .......................................................................................................................................90
6. Sarcoidosis ....................................................................................................................................................................................94
Chapter 4: Hereditary Diseases .................................................................................................................. 96
1. Stargardt’s macular dystrophy..................................................................................................................................................96
2. Bests’ disease (Vitelliform degeneration) ..............................................................................................................................97
3. Cone dystrophy ...........................................................................................................................................................................98
4. Retinitis pigmentosa ....................................................................................................................................................................99
5. Familial dominant drusen ........................................................................................................................................................ 103
6. Central areolar choroidal dystrophy ................................................................................................................................... 103
Chapter 5: Optic Nerve Disorders ............................................................................................................ 105
1. Myelinated nerve fibers ........................................................................................................................................................... 105
2. Optic disk coloboma ............................................................................................................................................................... 106
3. Optic disk pit ............................................................................................................................................................................. 107
4. Optic disk drusen ..................................................................................................................................................................... 108
5. Papilledema ................................................................................................................................................................................ 109
6. Optic neuritis ............................................................................................................................................................................ 111
7. Optic atrophy ............................................................................................................................................................................ 113
8. Avulsion of optic disk .............................................................................................................................................................. 115
Chapter 6: Tumors ...................................................................................................................................... 116
1. Choroidal nevus........................................................................................................................................................................ 116
2. Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) ......................................................................... 117
3. Capillary hemangioma ............................................................................................................................................................. 118
4. Astrocytoma .............................................................................................................................................................................. 120
5. Melanocytoma ........................................................................................................................................................................... 120
Chapter 7: Retinal Detachment ................................................................................................................. 121
Index ............................................................................................................................................................. 125