Introduction and History Of PKP & KPRO: History of Penetrating Keratoplasty (PKP).- History of Keratoprosthesis (KPRO) and Artificial Corneas. Anatomic and Physiological considerations: Anatomy and Physiology of the Cornea.- Anterior segment considerations for Keratoprosthesis.- Corneal wound healing and keratoprosthesis.- Overview of Relevant Clinical Disorders and their relation to Keratoprosthesis. Section III. Boston Keratoprosthesis: Materials, Engineering and Specifications of Boston KPRO types I and II.- Indications and Contraindications of Boston KPRO types I and II.- Boston KPRO types I Surgical Techniques.- Corneal and Anterior Segment Imaging Boston KPRO type I.- Boston KPRO type I: Outcomes.- Boston KPRO type I: Complications.- Boston KPRO type I and Glaucoma.- Boston KPRO type I: The role of the Contact Lens.- Boston KPRO type I: Vitreo-retinal Considerations.- Boston KPRO type I: Oculoplastic Complications.- Boston KPRO type I: Management of the Immunocompromised Patient.- Boston KPRO type I: in the Pediatric Age Group.- Prophylaxis and management of Infections in Boston KPRO type I.- Boston KPRO type II: Indications, Techniques, Outcomes and Complication Management.- Boston KPRO types I and II: Future Directions. Other Non-Integrating Keratoprosthesis and Artificial Corneas: OOKP: Indications, Contraindications and Surgical Techniques.- OOKP: Outcomes, Complications and Management.- Korea Seoul Type KPRO: Indications, Contraindications and Surgical Techniques.- Russian KPRO: Indications, Contraindications and Surgical Techniques.- KeraKlear KPRO: Indications, Contraindications and Surgical Techniques.- AlphaCor: Indications, Contraindications, Techniques and Outcomes.- Supradescemetic KPRO, Indications, Contraindications Technique and Outcomes. Integrating Artificial Corneas: Biological Challenges to Ideal Integrated Artificial Corneas.- Integrated Artificial Corneas: Current Developments.- Integrated Artificial Corneas : Future Directions.