Contributors vii

Foreword by Elizabeth F. Loftus xi

Series Preface xv

Part 1 Introduction 1

1 Identification and Surveillance of Facial Images: Progress and Problems 3
Tim Valentine and Josh P. Davis

Part 2 Searching for Suspects and the Identification of Victims 15

2 Interviewing for Face Identification 17
Fiona Gabbert and Charity Brown

3 Facial Composites and Techniques to Improve Image Recognizability 43
Charlie Frowd

4 Searching for Suspects: Mugshot Files and Showups (Street Identifications) 71
Victoria Z. Lawson and Jennifer E. Dysart

5 Craniofacial Analysis and Identification 93
Caroline Wilkinson

Part 3 Identification by Eyewitnesses 127

6 Lineup Composition and Lineup Fairness 129
Steven E. Clark, Molly B. Moreland, and Ryan A. Rush

7 Estimator Variables and Memory for Faces 159
Hannah Ryder, Harriet Smith, and Heather D. Flowe

8 Confidence and Accuracy of Eyewitness Identification 185
James D. Sauer and Neil Brewer

Part 4 Identification from CCTV Images 209

9 Human Verification of Identity from Photographic Images 211
Josh P. Davis and Tim Valentine

10 Expert Analysis: Facial Image Comparison 239
Gary Edmond, Josh P. Davis, and Tim Valentine

11 Evaluating Automatic Face Recognition Systems with Human Benchmarks 263
Alice O’Toole and P. Jonathon Phillips

Part 5 Implications for Criminal Justice 285

12 Eyewitness Identification and Facial Image Comparison Evidence in Common Law Jurisdictions 287
Andrew Roberts

13 Forensic Facial Identification: A Practical Guide to Best Practice 323
Tim Valentine and Josh P. Davis

Index 000