CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Objectives

Chemical Nature of Hormones

Transport of Hormones in the Circulation

Cellular Responses to Hormones

Summary

Self-study Problems

Keywords and Concepts

CHAPTER 2

ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 27

Objectives

Enteroendocrine Hormone Families and Their Receptors

Gastrin and the Regulation of Gastric Function

Enteroendocrine Regulation of the Exocrine Pancreas and Gallbladder

Insulinotropic Actions of Gastrointestinal Peptides (Incretin Action)

Enterotropic Actions of Gastrointestinal Hormones

Summary

Self-study Problems

Keywords and Concepts

CHAPTER 3

ENERGY METABOLISM

Key Pathways Involved in Energy Metabolism

Objectives

Overview of Energy Metabolism

General Pathways Involved in Energy Metabolism

Key Hormones Involved in Metabolic Homeostasis

Metabolic Homeostasis: The Integrated Outcome of Hormonal and Substrate/Product Regulation of Metabolic Pathways

Liver

Skeletal Muscle

Adipose Tissue-Derived Hormones and Adipokines

Appetite Control and Obesity

Diabetes Mellitus

Summary

Self-study Problems

Keywords and Concepts

CHAPTER 4

CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE HOMEOSTASIS

Objectives

Calcium and Phosphorus are Important Dietary Elements that Play Many Crucial Roles in Cellular Physiology

Physiologic Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate: Parathyroid Hormone and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D

Small Intestine, Bone, and Kidney Determine Ca2þ and Pi Levels

Pathologic Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Balance

Summary

Self-study Problems

Keywords and Concepts

CHAPTER 5

HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY COMPLEX.

Objectives

Embryology and Anatomy

Neurohypophysis

Adenohypophysis

Summary

Self-study Problems

Keywords and Concepts

CHAPTER 6

THE THYROID GLAND

Objectives

Anatomy and Histology of the Thyroid Gland

Production of Thyroid Hormones

Transport and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones

Summary

Self-study Problems

Keywords and Concepts

CHAPTER 7

THE ADRENAL GLAND

Objectives

Anatomy

Adrenal Medulla

Adrenal Cortex

Zona Glomerulosa

Pathologic Conditions Involving the Adrenal Cortex

Summary

Self-study Problems

Keywords and Concepts 176.e1

CHAPTER 8

LIFE CYCLE OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

Objectives

General Components of a Reproductive System

Overview of Meiosis

Basic Anatomy of the Reproductive Systems

Sexual Development in Utero

Puberty

Menopause and Andropause

Summary

Self-study Problems

Keywords and Concepts 193.e1

CHAPTER 9

THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Objectives

Histophysiology of the Testis

Transport, Actions, and Metabolism of Androgens

Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testis Axis

Male Reproductive Tract

Disorders Involving the Male Reproductive System

Summary

Self-study Problems

Keywords and Concepts 213.e1

CHAPTER 10

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Objectives

Anatomy and Histology of the Ovary

Growth, Development, and Function of the Ovarian Follicle

The Human Menstrual Cycle

Female Reproductive Tract

Biology of Estradiol and Progesterone

Ovarian Pathophysiology

Summary

Self-study Problems

Keywords and Concepts 238.e1

CHAPTER 11

FERTILIZATION, PREGNANCY, AND LACTATION

Objectives

Fertilization, Early Embryogenesis, Implantation, and Placentation

Placental Transport

The Fetal Endocrine System

Maternal Endocrine Changes During Pregnancy

Maternal Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy

Parturition

Mammogenesis and Lactation

Contraception

In Vitro Fertilization

Summary

Self-study Problems

Keywords and Concepts

APPENDIX A: ANSWERS TO SELF-STUDY PROBLEMS

.

APPENDIX B: COMPREHENSIVE

MULTIPLE-CHOICE EXAMINATION

APPENDIX C: HORMONE RANGES

APPENDIX D: ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

INDEX