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List of contributors
Preface
Section One: COVID-19
1 COVID-19 and immunity: an overview
Pulak R. Manna, Zachery C. Gray, and P. Hemachandra Reddy
1 Introduction
2 COVID-19: risk factors and pathogenesis
3 COVID-19 variants and their impact on global health tragedy
4 Nutrients and immune health, and their relevance to COVID-19
5 Immunocompromised conditions and COVID-19
6 Diverse measures for preventing COVID-19
7 Potential therapies for the treatment of COVID-19
8 Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
2 Role of oxidative stress in the severity of SARS-COV-2 infection
Sharda P. Singh, Sanjay Awasthi, Ashly Hindle, and Chhanda Bose
1 Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation
2 Inflammatory stress
3 Quenching lipid peroxidation
4 4-HNE in COVID-19
5 Functions of 4-HNE with possible relevance to COVID-19
References
3 Immune enhancers for COVID-19
Katherine G. Holder, Bernardo Galvan, Pulak R. Manna, Zachery C. Gray, and P. Hemachandra Reddy
1 Introduction
2 Immune enhancementdsupplements
3 Immune enhancersddiet, herbs, and spices
4 Conclusion
References
4 Diabetes mellitus in relation to COVID-19
Bhagavathi Ramasubramanian, Jonathan Kopel, Madison Hanson, and Cameron Griffith
1 Introduction
2 Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes
3 Biomarkers and risk factors in COVID-19-infected patients
4 Entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host
5 Complications of diabetes during COVID-19 infection
6 Treatment and management of diabetes during COVID-19 infection
7 The effect of lockdowns on diabetes and obesity
8 Lifestyle and diet during COVID-19 pandemic
9 Conclusion
References
5 Food bioactive compounds, sources, and their effectiveness during COVID-19
Giridhar Goudar, Munikumar Manne, Jangampalli Adi Pradeepkiran, and Subodh Kumar
1 Introduction
2 COVID-19 and food safety
3 Bioactive compounds
4 Foods containing bioactive compounds helpful during COVID-19 infection
5 Mechanistic activity of bioactive compounds helpful for COVID-19
6 Conclusion
References
6 MicroRNAs and COVID-19
Prashanth Gowda, Vivek Kumar, Ashish Sarangi, Jangampalli Adi Pradeepkiran, P. Hemachandra Reddy, and Subodh Kumar
1 Introduction
2 MicroRNAs as biomarkers for COVID-19
3 Molecular basis of microRNAs in COVID-19 infection
4 MicroRNAs as therapeutic for COVID-19
5 Conclusion
References
7 Mechanisms and implications of COVID-19 transport into neural tissue
Katherine G. Holder, Bernardo Galvan, and Alec Giakas
1 Introduction
2 Viruses and neurological damage
3 SARS-CoV-2 virulence and neurologic invasion
4 Conclusion
References
Further reading
8 Immunogenetic landscape of COVID-19 infections related neurological complications
Balakrishnan Karuppiah, Rathika Chinniah, Sasiharan Pandi, Vandit Sevak, Padma Malini Ravi, and Dhinakaran Thadakanathan
1 Introduction
2 HLA immunogenetic variations
3 HLA immunogenetics and COVID-19
4 HLA associations in COVID-19 induced neurological disorders
5 Conclusions
References
9 Impact of COVID-19 on ischemic stroke condition
Tochi Eboh, Hallie Morton, P. Hemachandra Reddy, and Murali Vijayan
1 Introduction
2 Coronavirus and SARS CoV-2
3 Epidemiology of stroke and COVID-19
4 Mechanism of stroke in COVID-19
5 Thrombosis
6 Cytokine storm
7 Endothelium disruption
8 Tissue factor and extrinsic coagulation pathway
9 Treatment of acute ischemic stroke in COVID-19
10 Anesthesia for mechanical thrombectomy
11 Clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and stroke
12 Major challenges of managing stroke during COVID-19 situation
13 Conclusion and future directions
References
10 The psychiatric effects of COVID-19 in the elderly
Ashish Sarangi and Subodh Kumar
1 Introduction
2 Elderly isolation during COVID-19
3 Elderly health care during COVID-19
4 COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders
5 Management of psychiatric disorders related to COVID-19
6 Pharmacological agents
7 Conclusion
References
Section Two: Alzheimer’s disease and dementia during COVID-19
11 Blood brain barrier disruption following COVID-19 infection and neurological manifestations
Sonam Deshwal, Neha Dhiman, and Rajat Sandhir
1 Introduction
2 Structure and function of BBB
3 Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the brain
4 BBB disruption
5 Hypoxia
6 Clotting and thrombosis
7 Neurological consequences of disrupted BBB post-SARS-CoV-2 infection
8 Treatment to prevent BBB disruption following SARS-CoV-2 infection
9 Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
12 The effects of lifestyle in Alzheimer’s disease during the COVID-19 pandemic
Sparsh Ray, Sonia Y. Khan, Shazma Khan, Kiran Ali, Zachery C. Gray, Pulak R. Manna, and P. Hemachandra Reddy
1 Introduction
2 Exercise
3 Diet
4 Social interaction
5 Nursing homes
6 Conclusion
References
13 Dementia and COVID-19: An African American focused study
Shyam Sheladia, Shivam Sheladia, Rishi Virani, and P. Hemachandra Reddy
1 Introduction
2 Dementia/COVID-19
3 Unmodifiable risk factors
4 Modifiable risk factors
5 Age-related chronic diseases
6 Environmental risk factors
7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
14 Dementia and COVID-19: A Hispanic focused study
Shyam Sheladia, Shivam Sheladia, Rishi Virani, and P. Hemachandra Reddy
1 Introduction
2 Dementia/COVID-19
3 Unmodifiable risk factors
4 Modifiable risk factors
5 Age-related chronic diseases
6 Environmental factors
7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
15 Women and Alzheimer’s disease risk: a focus on gender
Emma Schindler and P. Hemachandra Reddy
1 Introduction
2 Education
3 Employment
4 Race
5 Sexual and gender identity
6 Exercise
7 Depression
8 Caregiver burden
9 COVID-19 pandemic
10 Conclusion
References
16 Women and Alzheimer’s disease: a focus on sex
Emma Schindler and P. Hemachandra Reddy
1 Introduction
2 Clinical presentation
3 Disease progression
4 Neuropathology
5 Genetics
6 Endogenous estrogen exposure
7 Exogenous estrogen exposure
8 Pregnancy
9 Vascular risk
10 Pharmacology
11 COVID-19 pandemic
12 Conclusion
References
17 Effect of COVID-19 on Alzheimer’s and dementia measured through ocular indications
Harrison Marsh, Stephen Rossettie and Albin John
1 Introduction
2 Ocular indications for early screening of Alzheimer’s disease
3 Methods of visualizing the retina
4 Ophthalmology during COVID-19
5 Conclusion
References
18 Surgical and nonsurgical interventions for Alzheimer’s disease
P. Hemachandra Reddy and Albin John
1 Introduction
2 Invasive brain stimulation
3 Non-invasive brain stimulation procedures
4 Conclusion
References
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