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Edited by master clinician-experts appointed by the American Academy of Pain Medicine, this is a state-of-the-art multidisciplinary textbook covering medical, interventional, and integrative approaches to the treatment and management of pain. It is designed as a practical and comprehensive primary reference for busy physicians and is also an up-to-date resource for preparing for certification examinations in pain medicine.
· Written and edited by world-class authorities
· “Key Points” preview contents of each chapter
· Leading edge medical topics, such as monitoring opioid use and abuse, and the emerging role of cannabinoids in pain treatment
· Expert guidance on full range of interventional techniques
· Clinical anatomy and physiology for the interventionist
· Behavioral dimensions of the experience and management of pain
· Integrative approaches for treating the “whole person”
· Legal issues, such as failure to treat pain
· First-hand patient accounts
Table of Contents:
Part I Medical Approaches
Vitaly Gordin
1 A Survey of Systems Involved in Nociceptive Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tony L. Yaksh and Ashley J. Wiese
2 Pharmacogenomics of Pain Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Piotr K. Janicki
3 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Asokumar Buvanendran
4 The Role of Antidepressants in the Treatment of Chronic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Beth B. Murinson
5 Anticonvulsant Medications for Treatment of Neuropathic
and “Functional” Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Bruce D. Nicholson
6 NMDA Receptor Antagonists in the Treatment of Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Yakov Vorobeychik, Channing D. Willoughby, and Jianren Mao
7 Role of Muscle Relaxants in the Treatment of Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Robert I. Cohen and Carol A. Warfield
8 Topical Analgesics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Charles E. Argoff, Manpreet Kaur, and Kelly Donnelly
9 Sleep Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Howard S. Smith
10 Clinical Use of Opioids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Andrea Trescot
11 Opioid Adverse Effects and Opioid-Induced Hypogonadism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Saloni Sharma and David M. Giampetro
12 Acute Management of the Opioid-Dependent Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Brandi A. Bottiger, Denny Curtis Orme, and Vitaly Gordin
13 Opioids and the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Selina Read and Jill Eckert
14 Methadone for Chronic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Naileshni Singh, Scott M. Fishman, and Kyle Tokarz
15 Toxicology Screening for Opioids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Gary L. Horowitz
16 Monitoring Drug Use and Abuse: The Evolution of a Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . 161
Steven D. Passik and Kenneth L. Kirsh
17 Polypharmacy and Drug Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Christopher A. Steel and Jill Eckert
18 Role of Cannabinoids in Pain Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Ethan B. Russo and Andrea G. Hohmann
19 The Future of Pain Pharmacotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Iwona Bonney and Daniel B. Carr
Part II Interventional Approaches: Anatomy and Physiology of Pain
Asokumar Buvanendran, Sunil J. Panchal, and Philip S. Kim
20 Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology of Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Adam R. Burkey
21 Spinal Targets for Interventional Pain Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Lawrence R. Poree and Linda L. Wolbers
22 Functional Anatomy and Imaging of the Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
John C. Keel and Gary J. Brenner
Part III Interventional Approaches: Neural Blockade and Neurolysis Blocks
Asokumar Buvanendran, Sunil J. Panchal, and Philip S. Kim
23 Local Anesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Michael S. Leong and B. Todd Sitzman
24 Neurolytic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Erin F. Lawson and Mark S. Wallace
25 Cryoanalgesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Michael S. Leong, Philip S. Kim, and Lloyd Saberski
26 Radiofrequency: Conventional and Pulsed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Maunak V. Rana
27 Atlanto-Axial and Atlanto-Occipital Joints Injection
in the Treatment of Headaches and Neck Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Samer N. Narouze
28 Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Michael S. Leong, Mark P. Gjolaj, and Raymond R. Gaeta
29 Occipital Nerve Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Garret K. Morris and Michael S. Leong
30 Neural Blockade for Trigeminal Neuralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Ali Mchaourab and Abdallah I. Kabbara
31 Glossopharyngeal Nerve Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Kenneth D. Candido and George C. Chang Chien
32 Cervical Plexus Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Gerald A. Matchett and Sean Mackey
33 Stellate Ganglion Blockade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Mehul Sekhadia, Kiran K. Chekka, and Honorio T. Benzon
34 Epidural (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Caudal) Block/Injections . . . . . . . . . 359
Nirmala R. Abraham, Ignacio Badiola, and Thuong D. Vo
35 Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Todd B. Sitzman
36 Facet Injections and Radiofrequency Denervation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Sunil J. Panchal
37 Intercostal Nerve Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Eduardo M. Fraifeld
38 Intrapleural Catheters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Kevin E. Vorenkamp and Lynn R. Kohan
39 Epidural Lysis of Adhesions: Percutaneous
and Endoscopic Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Timothy Y. Ko and Salim M. Hayek
40 Thoracic and Lumbar Sympathetic Nerve Block and Neurolysis . . . . . . . . . 415
Tim J. Lamer and Jason S. Eldrige
41 Celiac Plexus, Splanchnic Nerve Block, and Neurolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Melinda M. Lawrence, Salim M. Hayek, and Joshua D. Goldner
42 Superior Hypogastric Plexus, Ganglion
Impar Blocks, and Neurolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Bryan S. Williams
43 Peripheral Neurolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Beth Mintzer and Jagan Devarajan
44 Central Neuraxial Neurolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Beth Mintzer and Jagan Devarajan
45 Provocative Discography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Irina Melnik, Richard Derby, and Ray M. Baker
46 Brachial Plexus Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Chester Buckenmaier III
47 Suprascapular Nerve Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Brian Belnap and Gagan Mahajan
48 Intradiscal Annuloplasty for the Treatment of Discogenic Pain . . . . . . . . . . 503
Leonardo Kapural
49 Percutaneous Disc Decompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Stanley Golovac, Salim M. Hayek, and Fnu Kailash
50 The Racz Procedure: Lysis of Epidural Adhesions
(Percutaneous Neuroplasty) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Gabor B. Racz, Miles R. Day, James E. Heavner, and Jeffrey P. Smith
51 Sacroiliac Joint Injection and Radiofrequency Denervation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Sunil J. Panchal
52 Vertebral Augmentation: Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Philip S. Kim
53 Piriformis Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Nathan J. Harrison and Gagan Mahajan
54 Botulinum Toxin in the Management of Painful Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Robert Gerwin
55 Emerging Imaging Tools for Interventional Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Marc A. Huntoon
Part IV Interventional Approaches: Neuromodulation
Asokumar Buvanendran, Sunil J. Panchal, and Philip S. Kim
56 A History of Neurostimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Jeffrey T.B. Peterson and Timothy R. Deer
57 Stimulation of the Peripheral Nerve and Peripheral Nerve Field . . . . . . . . . 587
Jason E. Pope, Timothy R. Deer, Eric J. Grigsby, and Philip S. Kim
58 Spinal Cord Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
W. Porter McRoberts, Daniel M. Doleys, and Kevin D. Cairns
59 Brain Stimulation for Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Konstantin V. Slavin
60 Motor Cortex Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Chima O. Oluigbo, Mariel Szapiel, Alexander Taghva, and Ali R. Rezai
61 Intrathecal Drug Delivery for Control of Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Brian M. Bruel, Mitchell P. Engle, Richard L. Rauck,
Thomas J. Weber, and Leonardo Kapural
62 Clinical Applications of Neuromodulation: Radicular Pain
and Low Back Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Thomas L. Yearwood
63 Clinical Applications of Neuromodulation: Neurostimulation
for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Michael Stanton-Hicks
64 Clinical Applications of Neuromodulation: Section on Angina
and Peripheral Vascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Marte A. Martinez and Robert D. Foreman
65 Clinical Applications of Neuromodulation: Spinal Cord
Stimulation for Abdominal Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Leonardo Kapural and Marc D. Yelle
66 Cost-Effectiveness of Interventional Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Krishna Kumar, Syed Rizvi, Sharon Bishop, and Mariam Abbas
67 Neurosurgical Techniques for Pain Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Hendrik Klopper and Kenneth A. Follett
68 Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia . . . . . . 721
Stanley Golovac and Louis Raso
69 Complications of Interventional Pain Management Techniques . . . . . . . . . . 727
Marco Araujo and Dermot More O’Ferrall
Part V Integrative Approaches
Albert L. Ray
70 Pain as a Perceptual Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Albert L. Ray, Rhonwyn Ullmann, and Michael C. Francis
71 Neuroplasticity, Sensitization, and Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Albert L. Ray
72 Muscle Pain Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Norman Marcus and Jason Ough
73 Addictive Disorders and Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
Lynn Webster and Stuart Gitlow
74 The “Five-Minute” Mental Status Examination of Persons with Pain . . . . . 795
J. David Haddox and Barry Kerner
75 The Psychological Assessment of Patients with Chronic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Daniel Bruns and John Mark Disorbio
76 Psychological Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Leanne R. Cianfrini, Cady Block, and Daniel M. Doleys
77 Billing Psychological Services for Patients with Chronic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
Geralyn Datz and Daniel Bruns
78 Hypnosis and Pain Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
David Spiegel
79 Acupuncture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Ji-Sheng Han
80 Manual Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
John F. Barnes, Albert L. Ray, and Rhonwyn Ullmann
81 Treatment of Chronic Painful Musculoskeletal Injuries
and Diseases with Regenerative Injection Therapy (RIT):
Regenerative Injection Therapy Principles and Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
Felix S. Linetsky, Hakan Alfredson, David Crane, and Christopher J. Centeno
82 Interdisciplinary Functional Restoration and Pain Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . 913
Steven D. Feinberg, Robert J. Gatchel, Steven Stanos, Rachel Feinberg,
and Valerie Johnson-Montieth
83 Pain and Spirituality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927
Allen R. Dyer and Richard L. Stieg
84 Pain Disparity: Assessment and Traditional Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935
September Williams
85 Sleep and Chronic Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
Nicole K.Y. Tang, Claire E. Goodchild, and Lynn R. Webster
86 Empowerment: A Pain Caregiver’s Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
Julia Hallisy
87 Patient and Caregiver’s Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
Heidi J. Stokes
88 Pain Medicine in Older Adults: How Should It Differ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977
Debra K. Weiner, Jordan F. Karp, Cheryl D. Bernstein,
and Natalia E. Morone
89 Pain Medicine and Primary Care: The Evolution
of a Population-Based Approach to Chronic Pain
as a Public Health Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
Rollin M. Gallagher
90 Pain Care Beyond the Medical Practice Office: Utilizing Patient
Advocacy, Education, and Support Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
William Rowe
91 Neonatal Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
Celeste Johnston, Marsha Campbell-Yeo, Ananda Fernandes,
and Manon Ranger
92 Assessing Disability in the Pain Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
Steven D. Feinberg and Christopher R. Brigham
93 The Double Effect: In Theory and in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Lynn R. Webster
94 Failure to Treat Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053
Kenneth L. Kirsh, Steven D. Passik, and Ben A. Rich
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059
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