Table of Contents

1 The Cardiovascular System . 1
1.1 Heart. 1
1.1.1 Introduction . 1
1.2 Vascular Changes. 13
References. 18
2 The Respiratory System . 19
2.1 Introduction . 19
2.2 Nasal Turbinates. 20
2.3 Pharynx. 26
2.4 Larynx. 27
2.5 Trachea/Tracheal Bifurcation. 29
2.6 Bronchi/Bronchioles. 30
2.7 Terminal Bronchioles/Alveolar Ducts . 33
2.8 Lungs . 35
References. 44
3 The Liver . 47
3.1 Introduction . 47
3.2 Hydropic Degeneration. 48
3.3 Fatty Change (Steatosis). 49
3.4 Necrosis . 51
3.5 Apoptosis. 54
3.6 Nuclear Changes. 55
3.7 Intracytoplasmic Inclusions. 56
3.8 Pigments. 57
3.9 Mineralisation. 59
3.10 Hepatocellular Hypertrophy. 59
3.11 Hyperplasia. 62
3.11.1 Regenerative Hyperplasia. 62
3.11.2 Diffuse Nodular Hyperplasia. 63
3.12 Foci of Cellular Alteration. 64
3.13 Bile Duct Hyperplasia . 66
3.14 Oval Cell Proliferation. 67
3.15 Cholangiofibrosis. 68
3.16 ItoCell Prominence or Hyperplasia . 69
3.17 Cirrhosis. 71
3.18 Neoplasia . 72
3.18.1 Cholangiocarcinomas. 73
3.19 Gall Bladder. 74
References. 75

4 The Alimentary System and Pancreas. 77
4.1 The Oral Cavity . 77
4.1.1 Teeth. 79
4.2 Salivary Glands. 81
4.3 Oesophagus. 82
4.4 Stomach . 84
4.4.1 The Rodent Forestomach. 84
4.4.2 The Glandular Stomach. 85
4.5 Small Intestines . 90
4.6 Large Intestines. 95
4.7 The Exocrine Pancreas. 99
References. 105
5 The Urinary System. 109
5.1 Kidney . 109
5.1.1 Introduction . 109
5.1.2 Glomerular Changes. 110
5.1.3 Tubular Changes. 112
5.1.4 Papilla. 120
5.1.5 Vascular Changes. 123
5.1.6 Tumours. 125
5.2 Urinary Bladder . 126
References. 128
6 The Male Reproductive System. 131
6.1 Testes . 132
6.2 Epididymis. 140
6.3 Accessory Sex Glands . 142
6.3.1 Seminal Vesicles/Prostate. 142
References. 145
7 The Female Reproductive System . 149
7.1 Introduction . 149
7.2 Ovaries. 149
7.2.1 Ovarian Tumours . 154
7.3 Uterus. 155
7.3.1 Uterine Tumours. 159
7.4 Vagina and Cervix . 161
7.4.1 Vaginal and Cervical Tumours. 161
7.5 Mammary Gland. 163
References. 167
8 The Endocrine System. 169
8.1 Introduction . 169
8.2 Adrenal Glands. 169
8.2.1 Lesions of the Adrenal Cortex. 170
8.2.2 Lesions of the Adrenal Medulla. 175
8.3 Thyroid Gland . 178
8.3.1 Induced Changes in the Thyroid Gland. 178
8.4 Parathyroid Gland. 186
8.5 Pancreatic Islets . 187
8.6 Pituitary Gland. 190
References. 194

9 The Lymphoid System. 197
9.1 Introduction . 197
9.2 Thymus. 199
9.3 Lymph Nodes. 201
9.4 Spleen. 205
9.5 Bone Marrow. 209
9.6 Neoplasms . 212
References. 213
10 The Nervous System . 215
10.1 Introduction . 215
10.2 Neuronopathy. 216
10.3 Axonopathy . 218
10.4 Myelinopathy. 220
10.5 Gliopathies. 222
10.6 Other Changes . 223
10.6.1 Choroid Plexus Vacuolation. 225
10.6.2 CNS Tumours. 225
References. 226
11 The Musculoskeletal System and Skin. 229
11.1 Muscle . 229
11.2 Bones . 235
11.3 Joints. 241
11.4 Skin and Adipose Tissue . 242
11.4.1 Skin. 242
11.4.2 Adipose Tissue. 248
References. 250
12 The Eye and Ear . 253
12.1 The Eye. 253
12.1.1 Cornea. 254
12.1.2 Retina. 259
12.1.3 Uveal Tract. 264
12.1.4 Lens . 265
12.1.5 Harderian Glands. 267
12.1.6 Lacrimal and Meibomian Glands. 268
12.2 The Ear. 270
12.2.1 Zymbal’s Gland . 271
References. 272
Index. 275