Contents
1. Physiological Reviews
1.1 Measurement Techniques
Fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated
patients: a review of indices used in intensive
care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
KARIM BENDJELID, JACQUES-A. ROMAND
Different techniques to measure intra-abdominal
pressure (IAP): time for a critical re-appraisal. . . . . . . . 13
MANU L. N. G. MALBRAIN
Tissue capnometry: does the answer
lie under the tongue? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
ALEXANDRE TOLEDO MACIEL, JACQUES CRETEUR,
JEAN-LOUIS VINCENT
N oninvasive monitoring of peripheral
perfusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
ALEXANDRE LIMA, JAN BAKKER
Ultrasonographic examination of the venae
cavae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
FRAN˙ OIS JARDIN, ANTOINE VIEILLARD-BARON
Passive leg raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
XAVIER MONNET, JEAN-LOUIS TEBOUL
1.2 Physiological Processes
Sleep in the intensive care unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
SAIRAM PARTHASARATHY, MARTIN J. TOBIN
Magnesium in critical illness: metabolism,
assessment, and treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
J. LUIS NORONHA, GEORGE M. MATUSCHAK
Pulmonary endothelium in acute lung injury:
from basic science to the critically ill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
S. E. ORFANOS, I. MAVROMMATI, I. KOROVESI,
C. ROUSSOS
Pulmonary and cardiac sequelae of subarachnoid
haemorrhage: time for active management? . . . . . . . . 99
C. S. A. MACMILLAN, I. S. GRANT, P. J. D. ANDREWS
Permissive hypercapnia — role in protective lung
ventilatory strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
JOHN G. LAFFEY, DONALL O’CROININ,
PAUL MCLOUGHLIN, BRIAN P. KAVANAGH
Right ventricular function and positive pressure
ventilation in clinical practice: from hemodynamic
subsets to respirator settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
FRAN˙ OIS JARDIN, ANTOINE VIEILLARD-BARON
Acute right ventricular failure— from
pathophysiology to new treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
ALEXANDRE MEBAZAA, PETER KARPATI,
ESTELLE RENAUD, LARS ALGOTSSON
Red blood cell rheology in sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
M. PIAGNERELLI, K. ZOUAOUI BOUDJELTIA,
M. VANHAEVERBEEK, J.-L. VINCENT
Stress-hyperglycemia, insulin and
immunomodulation in sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
PAUL E. MARIK, MURUGAN RAGHAVAN
H ypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in
critically ill patients with traumatic and
nontraumatic brain injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
IOANNA DIMOPOULOU, STYLIANOS TSAGARAKIS
Matching total body oxygen consumption
and delivery: a crucial objective? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
PIERRE SQUARA
N ormalizing physiological variables in acute
illness: five reasons for caution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
BRIAN P. KAVANAGH, L. JOANNE MEYER
Interpretation of the echocardiographic pressure
gradient across a pulmonary artery band
in the setting of a univentricular heart . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
SHANE M. TIBBY, ANDREW DURWARD
Viii Contents
Ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction:
the clinical relevance of animal models . . . . . . . . . . . 197
TheoDoRos VassiLakoPoULos
Understanding organ dysfunction in
hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
caRoLine cRÉ PUT, LioneL GaLicieR,
soPhie BUyse, eLie aZoULay
What is normal intra-abdominal pressure
and how is it affected by positioning, body mass
and positive end-expiratory pressure? . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
B. L. De keULenaeR, J. J. De WaeLe, B. PoWeLL,
M. L. n. G. MaLBRain
Determinants of regional ventilation and blood
flow in the lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
RoBB W. GLenny
The endothelium: physiological functions and role
in microcirculatory failure during
severe sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
h. aiT-oUFeLLa, e. MaURy, s. LehoUX,
B. GUiDeT, G. oFFensTaDT
Vascular hyporesponsiveness to vasopressors
in septic shock: from bench to bedside . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
B. LeVy, s. coLLin, n. sennoUn, n. DUcRocQ,
a. kiMMoUn, P. asFaR, P. PeReZ, F. MeZiani
Monitoring the microcirculation in the critically
ill patient: current methods and future
approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
DanieL De BackeR, GUsTaVo osPina-Tascon,
DiaManTino saLGaDo, RaPhaË L FaVoRy,
JacQUes cReTeUR, Jean-LoUis VincenT
The role of vasoactive agents in the resuscitation
of microvascular perfusion and tissue
oxygenation in critically ill patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
e. chRisTiaan BoeRMa, can ince
Interpretation of blood pressure signal:
physiological bases, clinical relevance,
and objectives during shock states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
J.-F. aUGUsTo, J.-L. TeBoUL, P. RaDeRMacheR,
P. asFaR
Deadspace ventilation: a waste of breath! . . . . . . . . . 303
PRaTik sinha, oLiVeR FLoWeR, neiL soni
2. Editorials
The role of the right ventricle in determining
cardiac output in the critically ill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
M. . Pinsky
Beyond global oxygen supply-demand relations:
in search of measures of dysoxia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
M. . Pinsky
Breathing as exercise: The cardiovascular
response to weaning from mechanical
ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
MichaeL R. Pinsky
Variability of splanchnic blood flow measurements
in patients with sepsis – physiology,
pathophysiology or measurement errors? . . . . . . . . . 327
s. M. Ja oB, J. TakaLa
Functional hemodynamic monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
MichaeL R. Pinsky
N on-invasive ventilation in acute exacerbations
of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:
a new gold standard? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
M.W. eLLioTT
The adrenergic coin: perfusion
and metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
kaRL TRÄ GeR, PeTeR RaDeRMacheR,
XaVieR LeVeRVe
Death by parenteral nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
PaUL e. MaRik, MichaeL R. Pinsky
Ventilator-induced lung injury, cytokines,
PEEP, and mortality: implications for practice
and for clinical trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
aRThUR s. sLUTsky, yUMiko iMai
H elium in the treatment of respiratory failure:
why not a standard? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
enRico caLZia, PeTeR RaDeRMacheR
Is parenteral nutrition guilty? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
MaRek PeRTkieWicZ, eRich RoTh, Jan WeRneRMan,
cLaUDe PichaRD, Jean-chaRLes PReiseR
k
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PETER VARGA, RICHARD GRIFFITHS, RENÉ CHIOLERO,
GÉ RARD NITENBERG, XAVIER LEVERVE,
R
R
Contents iX
Using ventilation-induced aortic pressure and
flow variation to diagnose preload
responsiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
MichaeL R. Pinsky
Evaluation of left ventricular performance:
an insolvable problem in human beings?
The Graal quest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
aLain niTenBeRG
Evaluation of fluid responsiveness in ventilated
septic patients: back to venous return . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
PhiLiPPe ViGnon
Mask ventilation and cardiogenic pulmonary
edema: “another brick in the wall” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
sanGeeTa MehTa, sTeFano naVa
Does high tidal volume generate ALI/ARDS
in healthy lungs? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
chiaRa BoneTTo, PieRPaoLo TeRRaGni,
V. MaRco RanieRi
Weaning failure from cardiovascular origin . . . . . . . . 379
chRisTian RichaRD, Jean-LoUis TeBoUL
The hidden pulmonary dysfunction in acute
lung injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
GÖ Ran heDensTieRna
The “open lung” compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
John J. MaRini
Acute respiratory failure: back to the roots! . . . . . . . . 393
chRisTian MUeLLeR
Is right ventricular function the one that matters
in ARDS patients? Definitely yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
anToine VieiLLaRD-BaRon
Strong ion gap and outcome after cardiac arrest:
another nail in the coffin of traditional
acid–base quantification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
PaTRick M. honoRe, oLiVieR Joannes-BoyaU,
WiLLeM BoeR
Prone positioning for ARDS: defining
the target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
John J. MaRini
Can one predict fluid responsiveness
in spontaneously breathing patients? . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
DanieL De BackeR, MichaeL R. Pinsky
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409