Contents
1. Physiological Notes
1.1 Pulmonary
1.1.1 Respiratory Mechanics
Intrinsic (or auto-) PEEP during controlled
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
LAURENT BROCHARD
Intrinsic (or auto-) positive end-expiratory
pressure during spontaneous or assisted
ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
LAURENT BROCHARD
Work of breathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
BELEN CABELLO, JORDI MANCEBO
Interpretation of airway pressure waveforms . . . . . . . 15
EVANS R. FERNÁNDEZ-PÉREZ, ROLF D. HUBMAYR
Measurement of respiratory system resistance
during mechanical ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
CLAUDE GUERIN, JEAN-CHRISTOPHE RICHARD
Understanding wasted/ineffective efforts
in mechanically ventilated COPD patients using
the Campbell diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
THEODOROS VASSILAKOPOULOS
Is there an optimal breath pattern to minimize
stress and strain during mechanical
ventilation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
JOSEF X. BRUNNER, MARC WYSOCKI
1.1.2 Gas Exchange
Dead space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
UMBERTO LUCANGELO, LLUIS BLANCH
The multiple inert gas elimination technique
(MIGET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
PETER D. WAGNER
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
ENRICO CALZIA, PETER RADERMACHER
Mechanisms of hypoxemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
ROBERT RODRÍGUEZ-ROISIN, JOSEP ROCA
Pulse oximetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
AMAL JUBRAN
Effects of body temperature on blood gases . . . . . . . . 55
ANDREAS BACHER
Venous oximetry . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
FRANK BLOOS, KONRAD REINHART
Relation between PaO2/FIO2 ratio and FIO2:
a mathematical description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
JÉRÔME ABOAB, BRUNO LOUIS, BJÖRN JONSON,
LAURENT BROCHARD
Hypoxemia due to increased venous admixture:
influence of cardiac output on oxygenation . . . . . . . . 67
JUKKA TAKALA
A critique of Stewart’s approach: the chemical
mechanism of dilutional acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
DANIEL DOBERER, GEORG-CHRISTIAN FUNK,
KARL KIRCHNER, BRUNO SCHNEEWEISS
1.2 Cardiovascular
Pulmonary vascular resistance: A meaningless
variable? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
ROBERT NAEIJE
Pulmonary artery usion pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
MICHAEL R. PINSKY
Clinical significance of pulmonary artery occlusion
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
MICHAEL R. PINSKY
Pulmonary capillary pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
JUKKA TAKALA
A
Alve.ola.r ventilation and pulmonary blood flow:
the V /Q concept
occl
mechanical ventilation
VIII Contents
Ventricular interdependence: how does it
impact on hemodynamic evaluation in clinical
practice? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
FRANÇOIS JARDIN
Cyclic changes in arterial pressure during
mechanical ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
FRANÇOIS JARDIN
Left ventricular rotation: a neglected aspect
of the cardiac cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
STEFAN BLOECHLINGER, WILHELM GRANDER,
JUERG BRYNER, MARTIN W. DÜNSER
1.3 Metabolism and Renal Function
Lactic acidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
DANIEL DE BACKER
Defining acute renal failure: physiological
principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
RINALDO BELLOMO, JOHN A. KELLUM,
CLAUDIO RONCO
Hypotension during intermittent hemodialysis:
new insights into an old problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
FRÉDÉRIQUE SCHORTGEN
1.4 Cerebral Function
Intracranial pressure. Part one: Historical
overview and basic concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
PETER J. D. ANDREWS, GIUSEPPE CITERIO
Intracranial pressure. Part two: Clinical
applications and technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
GIUSEPPE CITERIO, PETER J. D. ANDREWS
Neuromonitoring in the intensive care unit.
Part I. Intracranial pressure and cerebral blood
flow monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
ANUJ BHATIA, ARUN KUMAR GUPTA
Neuromonitoring in the intensive care unit.
Part II. Cerebral oxygenation monitoring
and microdialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
ANUJ BHATIA, ARUN KUMAR GUPTA
The relationship between the intracranial
pressure–volume index and cerebral
autoregulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
A. LAVINIO, F. A. RASULO, E. DE PERI, M. CZOSNYKA,
N. LATRONICO
2. Technical Notes
2.1 Sub-section Respiratory
A new automated method versus continuous
positive airway pressure method for measuring
pressure–volume curves in patients with acute
lung injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
ENRIQUE PIACENTINI, MARC WYSOCKI,
LLUIS BLANCH
Bedside estimation of recruitable alveolar collapse
and hyperdistension by electrical impedance
tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
EDUARDO L. V. COSTA, JOÃO BATISTA BORGES,
ALEXANDRE MELO, FERNANDO SUAREZ-SIPMANN,
CARLOS TOUFEN JR, STEPHAN H. BOHM,
MARCELO B. P. AMATO
Cuff-leak test for the diagnosis of upper airway
obstruction in adults: a systematic review
and meta-analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
MARIA ELENA OCHOA, MARIA DEL CARMEN MARÍN,
FERNANDO FRUTOS-VIVAR, FEDERICO GORDO,
JAIME LATOUR-PÉREZ, ENRIQUE CALVO, ANDRES ESTEBAN
Reproduction of inert gas and oxygenation data:
a comparison of the MIGET and a simple model
of pulmonary gas exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
STEPHEN E. REES, S. KJÆRGAARD, S. ANDREASSEN,
G. HEDENSTIERNA
Performance of different continuous positive
airway pressure helmets equipped with safety
valves during failure of fresh gas supply . . . . . . . . . . 189
MANUELA MILAN, ALBERTO ZANELLA,
STEFANO ISGRÒ, SALUA ABD EL AZIZ EL SAYED DEAB,
FEDERICO MAGNI, ANTONIO PESENTI,
NICOLÒ PATRONITI
Validation of Bohr dead space measured
by volumetric capnography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
GERARDO TUSMAN, FERNANDO SUAREZ-SIPMANN,
STEPHAN H. BOHM
2.2 Sub-section Hemodynamic
Lithium dilution cardiac output measurement
in the critically ill patient: determination
of precision of the technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
M. CECCONI, D. DAWSON, R. M. GROUNDS,
A. RHODES
Joà o B. BoRGes, GÖ Ran heDensTieRna ,
Contents IX
Tracking changes in cardiac output:
methodological considerations for the validation
of monitoring devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
PIERRE SQUARA, MAURIZIO CECCONI,
ANDREW RHODES, MERVYN SINGER,
JEAN-DANIEL CHICHE
The influence of the airway driving pressure
on pulsed pressure variation as a predictor
of fluid responsiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
LAURENT MULLER, GUILLAUME LOUART,
PHILIPPE-JEAN BOUSQUET, DAMIEN CANDELA,
LANA ZORIC, JEAN-EMMANUEL DE LA COUSSAYE,
SAMIR JABER, JEAN-YVES LEFRANT
Diagnostic accuracy of passive leg raising
for prediction of fluid responsiveness in adults:
systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical
studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
FABIO CAVALLARO, CLAUDIO SANDRONI,
CRISTINA MARANO, GIUSEPPE LA TORRE,
ALICE MANNOCCI, CHIARA DE WAURE,
GIUSEPPE BELLO, RICCARDO MAVIGLIA,
MASSIMO ANTONELLI
Fluid responsiveness predicted by
noninvasive Bioreactance-based passive leg
raise test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
BRAHIM BENOMAR, ALEXANDRE OUATTARA,
PHILIPPE ESTAGNASIE, ALAIN BRUSSET,
PIERRE SQUARA
Comparison of cardiac output and blood volumes
in intrathoracic compartments measured
by ultrasound dilution and transpulmonary
thermodilution methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 43
GENNADY GALSTYAN, MYCHAYLO BYCHININ,
MIKAEL ALEXANYAN, VLADIMIR GORODETSKY
In vivo accuracy of two intraparenchymal
intracranial pressure monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
THOMAS LESCOT, VINCENT REINA,
YANNICK LE MANACH, FILIPPO BOROLI,
DORIAN CHAUVET, ANNE-LAURE BOCH,
LOUIS PUYBASSET
Effect of tidal volume, intrathoracic pressure,
and cardiac contractility on variations
in pulse pressure, stroke volume,
and intrathoracic blood volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
JAUME MESQUIDA, HYUNG KOOK KIM,
MICHAEL R. PINSKY
3. Seminal Studies in Intensive Care
Manipulating afterload for the treatment
of acute heart failure. A historical summary . . . . . . . 265
Nosocomial pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
WALDEMAR G. JOHANSON, LISA L. DEVER
The introduction of positive endexpiratory
pressure into mechanical ventilation:
a retrospective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
KONRAD J. FALKE
Elastic pressure-volume curves in acute lung
injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome . . . . 281
BJÖRN JONSON
LUCIANO GATTINONI, ANTONIO PESENTI
The effects of anesthesia and muscle paralysis
on the respiratory system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
GÖRAN HEDENSTIERNA, LENNART EDMARK
Diaphragmatic fatigue during sepsis and septic
shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
SOPHIE LANONE, CAMILLE TAILLÉ,
JORGE BOCZKOWSKI, MICHEL AUBIER
The use of severity scores in the intensive care
unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
JEAN-ROGER LE GALL
Oxygen transport—the oxygen delivery
controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
JEAN-LOUIS VINCENT, DANIEL DE BACKER
SUVEER SINGH, TIMOTHY W. EVANS
Ventilator-induced lung injury: from the bench
to the bedside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
LORRAINE N. TREMBLAY, ARTHUR S. SLUTSKY
Remembrance of weaning past: the seminal
papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
MARTIN J. TOBIN
Interactions between respiration and systemic
hemodynamics. Part I: basic concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
FRANÇOIS FEIHL, ALAIN F. BROCCARD
The concept of “baby lung” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
CLAUDE PERRET, JEAN-FRANÇOIS ENRICO
Organ dysfunction during sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
X Contents
Interactions between respiration and systemic
hemodynamics. Part II: practical implications
in critical care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
FRANÇOIS FEIHL, ALAIN F. BROCCARD
Systemic and microcirculatory responses
to progressive hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
ARNALDO DUBIN, MARIO OMAR POZO,
GONZALO FERRARA, GASTÓN MURIAS,
ENRIQUE MARTINS, CARLOS CANULLÁN,
HÉCTOR SAUL CANALES, VANINA SIHAM
KANOORE EDUL, ELISA ESTENSSORO, CAN INCE
Fluid resuscitation influences cardiovascular
performance and mortality in a murine model
of sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
SERGIO L. ZANOTTI-CAVAZZONI, MASSIMILIANO
GUGLIELMI, JOSEPH E. PARRILLO, TRACY WALKER,
R. PHILLIP DELLINGER, STEVEN M. HOLLENBERG
Modeling the effect of time-dependent exposure
on intensive care unit mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
MARTIN WOLKEWITZ, JAN BEYERSMANN,
PETRA GASTMEIER, MARTIN SCHUMACHER
Impact of acute hypercapnia and augmented
positive end-expiratory pressure on right
ventricle function in severe acute respiratory
distress syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
ARMAND MEKONTSO DESSAP, CYRIL CHARRON,
JÉRÔME DEVAQUET, JÉRÔME ABOAB,
FRANÇOIS JARDIN, LAURENT BROCHARD,
ANTOINE VIEILLARD-BARON
Goal-directed therapy in high-risk surgical
patients: a 15-year follow-up study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
ANDREW RHODES, MAURIZIO CECCONI,
MARK HAMILTON, JAN POLONIECKI, JUSTIN WOODS,
, DAVID BENNETT, R. MICHAEL GROUNDS
Time course of organ failure in patients with
septic shock treated with hydrocortisone: results
of the Corticus study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
R. MORENO, C. L. SPRUNG, D. ANNANE, S. CHEVRET,
J. BRIEGEL, D. KEH, M. SINGER, Y. G. WEISS, D. PAYEN,
B. H. CUTHBERTSON, J.-L. VINCENT
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
OWEN BOYD