Section I: Physiology

Chapter 1. Adenosine Receptor Biology in the Central Nervous System

• Abstract
• Sources of Adenosine in the CNS
• Receptor Subtypes and Their CNS Distribution
• Crosstalk With Other Receptors
• Adenosine and CNS Diseases
• Recent Clinical Trials
• References

Chapter 2. Adenosine Signaling Throughout Development

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Effects of Adenosine Signaling and Its Dysfunction in CNS
• Effects of Adenosine in Oligodendrocytes Development
• Effects of Adenosine on Cardiovascular System During Embryogenesis
• Postnatal Effects of Adenosine on Cardiovascular System
• Postnatal Effect of Adenosine on Respiratory System
• Use of Methylxanthines in Premature Babies
• Postnatal Effects of Adenosine on the Genitourinary System
• Postnatal Effect of Adenosine on the Enteric System
• Postnatal Effect of Adenosine on Other Systems
• Conclusion
• References

Chapter 3. Influence of Adenosine on Synaptic Excitability

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Molecular & Physiological Mechanisms
• Implications for Epilepsy
• Conclusions and Outlook
• Acknowledgments
• References

Chapter 4. Regulation of Synaptic Transmission by Adenosine at the Neuromuscular Junction

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Neuromuscular Junction
• Adenosine as a Neuromodulator at the Neuromuscular Junction
• Conclusions
• References

Chapter 5. Gene Regulation of Adenosine A2A Receptors in the Central Nervous System

• Abstract
• General Introduction
• A2AR Promoter and Gene Structure
• Epigenetics of ADORA2A
• Use of DNA Methylating Agents as a Therapeutic Tool
• The Dual Codon Properties of the A2AR Gene
• Concluding Remarks
• Acknowledgments
• References

Section II: Pathology

Chapter 6. Sleep, Adenosine, and Neurodegeneration

• Abstract
• Sleep Phenomenology and Adenosine
• Sleep and Adenosine Changes Across Normal Ageing
• Sleep Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease
• Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s Disease Influence on Sleep
• Changes in ADORA1 and ADORA2 Expression
• Association of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers and Sleep
• Role of Sleep Loss in Alzheimer’s Disease
• Sleep Changes in Parkinson’s Disease
• Parkinson’s Disease Role in Sleep Pathology
• Role of Sleep Loss in Parkinson’s Disease Pathology
• Treatment Related Issues
• Summary
• References

Chapter 7. Neuronal vs Glial Cell Contribution to Adenosine A2A Receptor-Induced Neurodegeneration

• Abstract
• Neurodegeneration and Neurodegenerative Diseases
• Role of A2A Receptors in Neurodegeneration
• Conclusions
• References

Chapter 8. Adenosine and Oxygen/Glucose Deprivation in the Brain

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Adenosine is Released by Ischemia and Stimulate All P1 Receptor Subtypes
• Role of Adenosine Receptors in Ischemia
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgments
• References

Chapter 9. Adenosine Receptors and Memory Disorders

• Abstract
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• Caffeine May Protect Against Cognitive Decline and AD
• Caffeine, Adenosine Receptor and AD Lesions
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• References

Chapter 10. Control of Motor Function by Adenosine A2A Receptors in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s Disease

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Basal Ganglia Circuitry
• Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonists
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Effect of A2A Receptor Antagonists on Motor and Sensorimotor Deficits
• Modulation of Adenosine A2A Receptors and Interaction With the Other Neurotransmitter Systems
• Adenosine A2A Receptors and Huntington’s Disease
• Conclusions
• References

Chapter 11. Adenosine Receptors Oligomers in Parkinson’s Disease

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Adenosine Receptors in the Brain
• Adenosine Receptor-Containing Oligomers
• Parkinson’s Disease and Adenosine Receptor Oligomers: Impact on Pharmacotherapy
• Concluding Remarks
• Acknowledgments
• References

Chapter 12. Adenosine Control of Striatal Function—Implications for the Treatment of Apathy in Basal Ganglia Disorders

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Dopamine Control of Striatal Function
• Differential Dopamine Control of the Direct and Indirect Striatal Efferent Pathways, the “Go” and “NoGo” Pathways
• Differential Adenosine Control of the “Go” and “NoGo” Pathways. The Adenosine–Dopamine Receptor Heteromers
• Adenosine Control of the Striatal Glutamate Terminal. The A1R–A2AR Heteromer
• Dopamine and Striatal Dysfunction. Apathy Versus Akinesia
• Targeting Adenosine Receptor Heteromers for the Treatment of Apathy
• Acknowledgments
• References