Part I. Alcohol and Neurological Dysfunction

Chapter 1. Acute Ethanol-Induced Changes in Microstructural and Metabolite Concentrations on the Brain: Noninvasive Functional Brain Imaging

• Introduction
• Conclusion

Chapter 2. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Neuroglial Changes in Neurochemistry and Behavior in Animal Models

• Ethanol Exposure and Brain Development
• Ethanol, Glia, and Neurodevelopment
• Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Pre- and Postnatal Ethanol Exposure

Chapter 3. Alcohol on Histaminergic Neurons of Brain

• Introduction
• The Effects of Alcohol on Histamine Levels in the Brain
• Brain Histaminergic System in Human Alcoholics
• The Role of H3 Receptors in Modulation of Alcohol Stimulation and Reward
• Histological Changes in Histaminergic Neurons Following Alcohol Administration
• Histochemical Changes in Histaminergic Neurons Following Alcohol Administration
• Alcohol Effects Into a Histaminergic Neurons Ultrastructure

Chapter 4. Antenatal Alcohol and Histological Brain Disturbances

• Introduction
• Neurohistology
• Cellular and Molecular Disorders
• Possible Mechanisms for the Development of Behavioral and Mental Disorders After Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

Chapter 5. Alcohol Intoxication and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Basic and Clinical Science

• Introduction
• Pathophysiology of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
• Vascular Injury
• Membrane Dysfunction and Edema Formation
• Inflammation and Immune-Mediated Response to Spinal Cord Injury
• Free Radical Formation and Lipid Peroxidation
• Excitatory Neurotransmitters
• Alcohol Intoxication and the Effects on Preclinical Spinal Cord Injury
• Alcohol and Functional Outcomes
• Alcohol Intoxication and Injury Severity
• Alcohol Use and Spinal Cord Injury Patients
• Conclusion

Chapter 6. Visual and Auditory Changes After Acute Alcohol Ingestion

• Introduction
• Characterization of Acute Use of Alcohol
• Alcohol and Visual Perception
• Alcohol and Auditory Perception
• Research Carried Out by the Laboratory of Research in Perception, Neuroscience, and Behavior—LPNeC
• Alcohol in Neural Systems of Vision and Hearing

Chapter 7. Zebrafish Models of Alcohol Addiction

• Alcohol Addiction in Humans
• Animal Models of Alcohol Addiction
• Zebrafish as an Animal Model for Behavioral Neuroscience
• Zebrafish as an Animal Model for Alcohol Addiction
• Alcohol-Induced Locomotor Activity
• Alcohol-Induced Anxiolysis
• Alcohol-Induced Tolerance
• Alcohol-Induced Sensitization
• Alcohol-Induced Withdrawal
• Alcohol-Induced Conditioned Place Preference
• Voluntary Alcohol Consumption
• Limitations of the Zebrafish Model

Chapter 8. Effect of Alcohol on the Regulation of a-Synuclein in the Human Brain

• Overview
• a-Synuclein Function
• Conclusion

Chapter 9. Consumption of Ethanol and Tissue Changes in the Central Nervous System

• Introduction
• Neuronal and Glial Changes
• Modulations in Cell Proliferation and Neurogenesis
• Most Significant Regional Alterations

Chapter 10. Ethanol Consumption and Cerebellar Disorders

• Introduction
• Cerebellum: An Anatomo-physiological Review
• EtOH Effects on the Cerebellum Neurophysiology
• Functional and Cellular Changes From Ingesting EtOH
• Clinical Changes Resulting From Ingestion of EtOH

Chapter 11. Gene Expression in CNS Regions of Genetic Rat Models of Alcohol Abuse

• Introduction
• Selectively Bred High and Low Ethanol-Consuming Lines of Rats
• Innate Differences in Gene Expression in the VTA, Acb-Shell, and CeA Between HEC and LEC Rats
• Multiple Interacting Factors Can Impact the Effects of Alcohol Drinking on Gene Expression in the CNS
• The P Rat as an Animal Model for Studying Alcohol Drinking–Induced Changes in Gene Expression
• Gene Expression Changes in the Acb Following 24-h Free-Choice Alcohol Drinking: Effects of Withdrawal
• Gene Expression Changes in the Acb During Operant Scheduled Access Alcohol Drinking
• Changes in Gene Expression in the Acb-Shell and CeA Following Daily Multiple Alcohol Binge Drinking Episodes
• Changes in Gene Expression in the VTA Following Daily Multiple Excessive Alcohol Binge–Drinking Episodes
• Conclusions

Chapter 12. Role of TLR4 in the Ethanol-Induced Modulation of the Autophagy Pathway in the Brain

• Autophagy as a Physiological Self-degradative Process
• Ethanol Effects on the Autophagy Pathway
• The TLR4 Immune Response
• Conclusions and Future Directions

Chapter 13. Ghrelinergic Signaling in Ethanol Reward

• Introduction: Ghrelin Physiology
• Energy Metabolism and Homeostasis
• Limbic System Signaling
• Mesolimbic Reward Pathway
• Ethanol and Drug Reward
• Conclusion

Chapter 14. Alcoholic Neurological Syndromes

• Introduction
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms of Alcohol Teratogeny
• Teratogenic Effects of Alcohol on the CNS
• Clinical Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
• Central Pontine and Extrapontine Myelinolysis
• Marchiafava–Bignami Disease
• Wernicke–Korsakoff Syndrome
• Final Comments

Chapter 15. Frontal Lobe Dysfunction After Developmental Alcohol Exposure: Implications From Animal Models

• Introduction
• FASDs in Humans
• Animal Models of FASDs
• Conclusion

Chapter 16. Ethanol's Action Mechanisms in the Brain: From Lipid General Alterations to Specific Protein Receptor Binding

• Introduction
• Ethanol Actions on Lipid Membrane
• Protein Targets Related to Ethanol Effects
• Conclusions

Chapter 17. Antioxidant Vitamins and Brain Dysfunction in Alcoholics

• Introduction
• Vitamin E Deficiency
• Vitamin A Deficiency
• Vitamin D Deficiency
• Vitamin B12, B6, and Folate Alterations: Hyperhomocysteinemia
• Thiamine Deficiency and Wernicke Encephalopathy
• Vitamin C Deficiency
• Conclusions and Future Prospects

Chapter 18. Serotonin Deficiency and Alcohol Use Disorders

• Introduction
• Alcohol Typologies
• 5-HT Depletion Studies
• 5-HT Dysfunction and Alcohol Consumption
• 5-HT Deficiency, Impulsivity, and Aggression
• 5-HT Deficiency and AUD Treatment Responses
• Concluding Remarks
• Glossary

Part II. Addictive Substances and Behavioral Health

Chapter 19. Functional Reorganization of Reward- and Habit-Related Brain Networks in Addiction

• Introduction
• Functional Reorganization Processes in Brain Circuits of Reward and Motivation
• Functional Reorganization Processes in Brain Circuits of Habits and Automaticity
• Conclusion

Chapter 20. Ethanol: Neurotoxicity and Brain Disorders

• Introduction
• Alcohol Chemistry and Kinetics
• Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity
• CNS Structural Changes and Behavioral Effects
• Perspectives and Final Comments

Chapter 21. Functionally Relevant Brain Alterations in Polysubstance Users: Differences to Monosubstance Users, Study Challenges, and Implications for Treatment

• Introduction
• Prevalence of PSU
• Overview of Cognition in Monosubstance Users
• Overview of Neuroimaging in Monosubstance Users
• Review of Cognition in Polysubstance Users
• Review of Neuroimaging in Polysubstance Users
• Review Summary and Outlook

Chapter 22. Deep Brain Stimulation: A Possible Therapeutic Technique for Treating Refractory Alcohol and Drug Addiction Behaviors

• Introduction
• Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Alcohol Addiction Behaviors
• Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Psychostimulants Addiction Behaviors
• Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Nicotine Addiction Behaviors
• Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Heroin Addiction Behaviors
• Conclusion

Part III. Tobacco Smoking in Neuromodulation

Chapter 23. Understanding the Roles of Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Neurobiology of Nicotine Use

• Introduction
• The Brain Disease Model of Nicotine Dependence
• Elucidating the Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence Using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• The Genetic Epidemiology of Smoking and Brain Structure
• Twin and Family Studies
• Understanding the Neurobiological Pathways Involved in Nicotine Dependence
• Gene-Based Genetic Epidemiological Study Designs
• Candidate Gene Association Studies
• Genome-Wide Association Studies
• The Impact of Genome-Wide Significant Variants for Smoking on Brain Structure
• Limitations of Genetic Association Studies
• Epigenetic Studies
• DNA Methylation and Smoking Behavior
• Epigenetic Studies of Brain Morphology
• Future Directions

Chapter 24. Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine: Neurotoxicity in Brain Development

• Introduction
• Development of the Central Nervous System
• Effect of Nicotine on Development of the Central Nervous System
• Tobacco Smoking Affects the Development of the Central Nervous System

Chapter 25. Paradise Lost: A New Paradigm for Explaining the Interaction Between Neural and Psychological Changes in Nicotine Addiction Patients

• Introduction
• Neural Events During the Development of Nicotine Addiction
• Four Characteristics of Cigarette Smoking That Cause Addiction
• Drug or Trait?
• Implications for Intervention
• Conclusions

Chapter 26. Interactions of Alcohol and Nicotine: CNS Sites and Contributions to Their Co-abuse

• Introduction
• Animal Models of Co-abuse of Ethanol and Nicotine
• Impact of Nicotine on Alcohol Drinking, Seeking, and Relapse
• Common Receptors for the Interactions of Alcohol and Nicotine
• CNS Sites for the Interactions of Alcohol and Nicotine
• Interactions Within the VTA
• Interactions Within the Nucleus Accumbens
• Interactions Within the Medial Prefrontal Cortex
• Genetic Associations Between Nicotine and Alcohol Dependence
• Conclusions

Chapter 27. Role of Basal Forebrain in Nicotine Alcohol Co-abuse

• Introduction
• Neuronal Mediators of Sleep–Wakefulness
• Neuronal Mediators of Alcohol-Induced Sleepiness
• Nicotine Acts via BF to Suppress Negative Effects of Alcohol
• Neuroanatomical Substrates Mediating the Rewarding Effects of Alcohol
• Nicotine Acts via BF to Enhance the Rewarding Effects of Alcohol
• Summary

Chapter 28. Chronic and Acute Nicotine Exposure Versus Placebo in Smokers and Nonsmokers: A Systematic Review of Resting-State fMRI Studies

• Background
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion

Part IV. Drugs of Abuse and Brain Structure and Function

Chapter 29. Novel Psychoactive Substances: A New Behavioral and Mental Health Threat

• Introduction
• Synthetic Cannabinoids
• Synthetic Cathinones
• Phenethylamines
• Piperazines
• Ketamine and Phencyclidine-Type Substances
• Tryptamines
• Other Substances
• Conclusions

Chapter 30. Cholesterol and Caffeine Modulate Alcohol Actions on Cerebral Arteries and Brain

• Introduction
• Modulation of Alcohol Action by Caffeine
• Cholesterol Modulation of Alcohol Effect
• Concluding Remarks

Chapter 31. Sleep, Caffeine, and Physical Activity in Older Adults

• Introduction
• Two Factors Related to Physical Activity: Sleep and Caffeine
• Physiological Contributors to Physical Activity Level
• Benefits of Physical Activity on Obstructive Sleep Apnea
• Benefits of Physical Activity on Sleep in Sedentary Older Persons
• Effects of Sleep on Physical Activity in OSA Patients
• Effects of Sleep on Physical Activity in Healthy Older Persons
• Effects of Caffeine on Sleep, Metabolism, and Physical Activity

Chapter 32. Ketamine: Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Disorders

• Introduction
• Chemistry and Kinetics
• Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects
• Behavioral Effects
• Prospects and Final Comments

Chapter 33. Left/Right Hemispheric “Unbalance” Model in Addiction

• Bias of Reward Mechanisms in Addiction
• Neurophysiological Correlates in Addiction
• An Integrative Cortical Unbalance Model
• Conclusions and Future Perspectives