Table of Contents

Epidemiology and neonatal outcomes
Epidemiology: definitions in perinatal medicine
Neonatal outcomes
References
Further reading
Web links

Organization of neonatal care
Organization of neonatal care: definition of levels of care
Provision of intensive care facilities
References

Clinical governance, risk management and legal aspects of neonatal practice
Clinical Governance
Serious untoward incident (SUI) reporting and investigation
Medical negligence
Consent
Death
Further reading

Maternal-fetal medicine for the neonatologist
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal disease
Maternal conditions affecting the fetus
Hypertension in pregnancy
Multiple pregnancy
Immunological conditions
Placental insufficiency
Preterm membrane rupture
Prelabour rupture of the membranes at term
Induction of labour
Intrapartum monitoring
Mode of delivery
Further information
Further reading

Genetic disease
Good ‘handles’ for genetic diagnosis
Further reading
Web links

Neonatal resuscitation and stabilization
Physiological adaptation at birth
Neonatal resuscitation
Resuscitation equipment
Practice of neonatal resuscitation
Special situations in neonatal resuscitation
Problems with resuscitation
First-hour care after resuscitation
References
Further reading

Nursing, monitoring and transport of the sick neonate
Thermal control
Minimal handling
Monitoring
Clinical and laboratory monitoring
References

Physical examination of the newborn
Timing of the examination
Physical examination of the newborn
References
Further reading

Congenital anomalies and common postnatal problems
Common findings in day-to-day practice
Reference
Further reading
Web link

Fluid and electrolyte balance
Neonatal renal function and physiology
Water
Sodium
Potassium
Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate
Calcium and phosphate
Magnesium
Practical fluid and electrolyte management
References
Further reading

Neonatal enteral nutrition
Infant nutrient requirements
Which milk to give?
Anti-infection agents
Healthy LBW babies
Sick LBW babies
References
Further reading
Web link

Parenteral nutrition
Composition of parenteral nutrition solutions
Intravenous feeding solutions
Route of infusion
Monitoring of i.v. feeding
Complications of PN
References
Further reading

Acute disorders of the respiratory tract
Respiratory physiology
Differential diagnosis of neonatal respiratory disease
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS); hyaline membrane disease (HMD)
Treatment of RDS
Continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP)
Mechanical ventilation: intermittent positive pressure ventilation
Ventilation
Sudden deterioration on IPPV
Gradual deterioration on IPPV
Transient tachypnoea of the newborn
Meconium aspiration
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE), pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum
Massive pulmonary haemorrhage
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Congenital malformations affecting the respiratory tract
References
Further reading

Chronic lung disease
Interventions for chronic lung disease
Wilson–Mikity syndrome
References
Further reading

Apnoeic attacks
Definition of apnoea and periodic breathing
Clinically significant apnoea
Recurrent apnoea of prematurity
Pathophysiology
Radiology
Treatment
References
Further reading

Infection
Infection control in neonatal units
Host defences in the newborn and the inflammatory response
Bacterial infection in the newborn
Maintenance of homeostasis
Virus infections
Congenital infections
Effect of perinatal maternal infections
References
Further reading

Neurological problems
Assessment of the nervous system
Convulsions in the newborn
Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE)
Focal vascular lesions
Extracranial haemorrhage
Intracranial haemorrhage
Preterm white matter injury/periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)
Neonatal hypotonia
Nerve palsies
Central nervous system malformations

Metabolic disorders, including glucose homeostasis and inborn errors of metabolism
Glucose metabolism in the newborn
Clinical causes of hypoglycaemia
Unusual cases of neonatal hypoglycaemia
Neonatal hyperglycaemia
Inborn errors of metabolism
Causes of severe early metabolic disease
References
Further reading

Endocrine disorders
Introduction
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Thyroid problems
Further reading

Neonatal jaundice and liver disease
Physiology
Bilirubin biochemistry
Bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus)
Differential diagnosis of neonatal jaundice
Causes of unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
Breast feeding and jaundice
Some specific causes of unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
Prolonged neonatal jaundice
Prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
Treatment of neonatal jaundice

Gastroenterological problems
Basic physiology of the fetal and neonatal gut
Cleft lip and palate
Oesophageal atresia and trachea-oesophageal fistula
Intestinal obstruction
Exomphalos
Gastroschisis
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Isolated bowel perforation
Short bowel syndrome
Gastro-oesophageal reflux
The baby with persistent vomiting
Persisting diarrhea
Haematemesis, melaena and bloody stools in the newborn
Hirschprung’s disease
References
Further reading

Congenital heart disease in the neonatal period
The fetal circulation
Changes in the circulation at birth
Presentation of heart disease
Investigations
Heart murmurs in asymptomatic babies
CHD presenting as shock with acidosis
CHD presenting as heart failure
Treatment of heart failure in the newborn
Individual conditions which can cause heart failure or shock
Cyanotic heart disease
Arrhythmias in the neonatal period
References
Arrhythmias in the neonatal period

Neonatal haematology
Anaemia in the neonate
Haemolytic disease of the newborn
Guidelines for DAT+ babies
Bleeding and bruising
Neonatal thrombosis
References
Web links

Genitourinary problems
Urine
Renal failure
Urinary tract infection
Congenital nephrotic syndrome
Renal malformations
Genitourinary tract anomalies
References
Further reading

Eye disorders
Retinopathy of prematurity
Buphthalmos (neonatal glaucoma)
Cataract
Conjunctivitis
Strabismus
References
Further reading

Skin disorders
Common benign neonatal skin disorders
Other miscellaneous neonatal skin conditions
Birthmarks and vascular disorders
Further reading

Orthopaedic and bone disorders
Fractures
Dislocations
Skeletal malformations
Further reading

Neonatal abstinence syndrome
Maternal opiate abuse
References
Further reading

Procedures and iatrogenic complications
Neonatal procedures
Blood sampling and cannulation
Management of extravasation injury
Umbilical catherization
Intraosseous lines
Endotracheal intubation
Urine collection
Reference
Further reading

Appendix 1 Growth charts

Appendix 2 Assessing the ill neonate
Respiratory severity scoring
Clinical Risk Index for Babies – CRIB II score
References

Appendix 3 Normal blood pressure
Term neonates
Preterm infants
References

Appendix 4 The neonatal ECG
Rate and rhythm
The axis
Information about the atria
Information about the ventricles

Appendix 5 Normal biochemical values in the newborn

Appendix 6 Haematological values in the newborn
References

Appendix 7 Normal CSF values in the newborn
Traumatic lumbar puncture
Reference